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Physiology Exam 2 > L11: Arterial, Venous & Lymphatic Systems > Flashcards

L11: Arterial, Venous & Lymphatic Systems Flashcards

1
Q

define distensibility

A

the ability of veins to be stretched

= increase in vol.

inc. pressure x org. vol.

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2
Q

compare distensibility between veins and arteries

A

veins:
8x more distensible
p vein dis. = systemic vein dis.
p art dis is 6x > than systemic art.

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3
Q

veins carry __x more blood than arteries

A

3x

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4
Q

summary of vein distensibility

A

are much more distensible than arteries

with little force we can stretch veins

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5
Q

define compliance

A

= capacitance
compliance describes the distensibility of BVs

tells us the total quantity of blood that can be stored in a given portion of circulation per 1 mmHg rise in pressure

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6
Q

capacitance = ?

A

= distensibility x volume

inversely related: elastance and pressure

directly related to volume

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7
Q

artery compliance decreases with ______ .

A

age

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8
Q

how does greater amount of elastic tissue effect compliance?

A

= higher elastance

= lower compliance

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9
Q

define pulse pressure

A

PP = SV/arterial compliance

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10
Q

what are the 2 major factors of pulse pressure

A
  1. SV output

2. compliance of artery tree

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11
Q

pulse pressure: stroke volume

A
  • most important factor

- PP increases = systolic pres. increase

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12
Q

pulse pressure: arterial compliance

A

decreased compliance = increased PP

ex. = aging

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13
Q

list some conditions that cause abnormal contours in pulse pressure

A
  1. aortic valve stenosis
  2. arteriosclerosis
  3. patent ductus arteriosus
  4. aortic regurgitation
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14
Q

aortic valve stenosis

A
  1. valve diameter is greatly reduced
  2. aortic pp decreased greatly
  3. blood flow diminished
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15
Q

arteriosclerosis

A

thickening/hardening of arterial walls

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16
Q

patent ductus arteriosus

A
  1. at least half of CO flows back into pulmonary artery, lungs, or left ventricle
  2. diastolic pressure falls very low before next systole
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17
Q

aortic regurgitation

A
  1. aortic valve is absent or not fully closing
  2. allows backward flow
  3. aortic pressure falls to 0 between beats
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18
Q

how does pulse pressure line graph change when traveling form large vessels to capillaries?

A

graph shows pressure per time

graph becomes a horizontal line when reaching capillaries

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19
Q

define systolic pressure

A

highest arterial pressure due to systole/contraction

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20
Q

define diastolic pressure

A

lowest arterial pressure due to filling period

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21
Q

when taking blood pressure what tells you when to read a measure?

A

Korotkoff sounds

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22
Q

define mean pressure

A

= average arterial pressure with respect to time

= diastolic pressure = (1/3)pp

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23
Q

why does mean pressure lie closer to diastolic pressure than systolic pressure?

A

because mean pressure includes the variable of time since we spend more time in diastole than systole

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24
Q

define central venous pressure

A

= pressure in the right atrium

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25
Q

name 2 factors that regulate right atrial pressure

A
  1. ability of heart to pump blood out of right side of heart

2. tendency of blood to flow into the right atrium at constant rate

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26
Q

name some factors that increase venous return and the result

A

result = increased right atrial pressure

  1. increased blood vol.
  2. incre. peripheral venous pressure
  3. dilation of arterioles
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27
Q

peripheral vein pressure in a person lying down

A

= +4 to +6 mmHg > than right atrial pressure

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28
Q

when intra-abdominal pressure increases ….. ?

A
  • venous pressure in legs must increase above abdominal pressure before blood can flow from legs to heart thru abdominal veins
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29
Q

peripheral pressures in a person standing up

A

cranial pressure is neg. — because it must resist gravity’s pull in order to stay consistent
= -10

leg pressure is pos. — must oppose gravity to get back to heart
= +90

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30
Q

in graph 15-2, how do changing blood volumes alter pressure?

A

volume changes are instantaneous followed by a period of delayed compliance reacting to the volume change

volume can change quickly but pressure reacts slowly to change in vol.

31
Q

varicose veins

A
  1. veins are not working properly
  2. veins become enlarged/twisted
  3. blood is allowed to flow backwards
32
Q

microcirculation is in the ….. ?

A

capillaries and arterioles

33
Q

vessel areas beyond arterioles but not yet considered apart of capillaries

A

metarterioles

34
Q

arterioles are highly ______, which controls blood flow to tissues but ______ coat is lost in _______ .

A

highly muscular
muscular coat
lost in metarterioles

35
Q

define precapillary sphincter

A

smooth muscle fiber encircles capillary where it originates from metarteriole and aids in blood flow

36
Q

capillary walls

A
  1. monocellular layer of endothelium = 0.5 thickness
  2. thin BM
  3. internal diameter = 4-9 micrometers
37
Q

cyclical opening and closing of precapillary sphincters

A

vasomotion

38
Q

capillaries slit pores

A
  1. vesicular channels

2. allow rapid diffusion of water, water-soluble ions, small solutes

39
Q

capillary plasmalemmal vesicles

A
  1. formed from caveolins

2. role in endo- trans- cytosis

40
Q

capillaries in certain organs have pores: list some locations

A

liver
GI tract
kidneys

41
Q

what is the most important factor in regulating vasomotion?

A

concentration of oxygen in the tissues

42
Q

define vasomotion

A

the opening and closing of precapillary sphincters

43
Q

what is the most important means of exchange between blood and interstitial fluid?

A

diffusion

44
Q

_______ substances can diffuse readily thru the capillary cell membranes: list examples

A

lipid-soluble substances
oxygen
carbon dioxide

45
Q

in capillary exchange, _____ substances diffuse thru the intercellular _________ .

A

non-lipid soluble

intercellular pores/clefts

46
Q

relate water diffusion and flow of plasma within a capillary

A

rate of water diffusion is 80x faster

than flow of plasma in capillaries

47
Q

rate of diffusion is directly proportional to ________ of the diffusing substances

A

concentration differences

48
Q

structure of interstitium

A

gel like material
with rivulets of free flowing fluid
collagen bundles

49
Q

why is passage of substances thru the interstitium mostly due to diffusion and not flow?

A
  1. due to large number of proteoglycan filaments

but rivulets that allow fluid flow can sometimes form

50
Q

what do starling forces determine in capillary exchange

A

the direction of diffusion into or out of capillary

51
Q

list the four starling forces

A
  1. capillary pressure
  2. interstitial fluid pressure
  3. capillary plasma colloid osmotic pressure
  4. interstitial fluid colloid osmotic pressure
52
Q

list the inward vs. outward starling forces

A

inward: interstitial fluid press and capillary plasma colloid osmotic pressure
outward: capillary pressure and interstitial fluid colloid osmotic pressure

53
Q

define net filtration pressure

A

the sum of all starling forces of capillary exchange

the overall pressure needed for flow in or out of capillaries to occur

54
Q

another name for capillary pressure

A

hydrostatic pressure

55
Q

what is the significance of the capillary filtration coefficient

A

takes into consideration the number and size of pores

not all capillaries have the same size/number of pores
leakiness

56
Q

describe lymph vessels

A
  1. like veins but thinner walls
  2. semilunar valves
  3. pick up fluid lost from veins
  4. slow moving
  5. stop edema
  6. failure = edema
57
Q

when fluid enters the lymphatics ….. ?

A
  1. lymph vessel walls contract
  2. causes fluid to be pumped into blood circulation
  3. creates a slight neg. pressure in interstitial spaces
58
Q

describe blood at the arterial end of capillaries

A

nutrient rich

oxygenated

59
Q

forces moving fluid outward at arterial end of capillary

A

pulling fluid out of capillaries into tissue

  1. capillary pressure = 30
  2. neg. interstitial free fluid pressure = 3 (lymphatics)
  3. interstitial fluid colloid osmotic press. = 8
60
Q

total outward force at arterial end of capillaries

A

= 41 mmhg

61
Q

forces moving fluid inward at arterial end of capillary

A

pulling fluid into blood stream

1. plasma colloid osmotic pressure = 28

62
Q

total inward force at arterial end of capillaries

A

= 28

63
Q

net outward force at arterial end of capillaries

A

= 13 mmhg

64
Q

forces moving fluid inward at venous end

A
  1. plasma colloid osmotic pressure = 28
65
Q

total inward force at venous end

A

= 28

66
Q

forces moving fluid outward at venous end

A
  1. capillary pressure = 10
  2. neg. interstitial free fluid pressure = 3
  3. interstitial fluid colloid osmotic pressure = 8
67
Q

total outward force at venous end

A

= 21

68
Q

net inward force at venous end

A

= 7 mmhg
= net reabsorption force
force of capillaries to regain fluid from interstitial fluid to put back in veins

69
Q

describe the direction of the interstitial forces

A

inter. fluid press. = pushing into capillary

inter. fluid colloid osmotic press. = pulling out of capillary

70
Q

describe the direction of the intracapillary forces

A

cap. pres. = pushing out of capillary

plasma colloid osmotic pres. = pulling into capillary

71
Q

lymph vessels contain _____ valves.

A

one way

72
Q

list 4 factors that increase lymph flow

A
  1. elevated capillary hydrostatic pressure
  2. decreased plasma colloid osmotic pressure
  3. increased interstitial fluid colloid osmotic pres.
  4. increased permeability of capillaries
73
Q

way stations of the lymphatic system

A

lymph nodes
cells test lymph here to see if there is a problem in the body and can result in an immune response

mass of lymphocytes and macrophages

Physiology Exam 2 (9 decks)

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