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Physiology Exam 2 > L14: Cardiac Output & Blood Flow to Muscle Tissues > Flashcards

L14: Cardiac Output & Blood Flow to Muscle Tissues Flashcards

1
Q

cardiac output definition

A

quantity of blood pumped into the aorta each minute by the heart

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2
Q

other CO definitions

A
  1. quantity of blood that flows thru the circulation

2. sum of all blood flow to all tissues of body

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3
Q

cardiac index

A

CO per square meter of body surface

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4
Q

calculating CI

A

normal human = 70kg
body surface = 1.7
CO = 5 L/min

CI = 5/1.7 == 3 L/min/meter squared

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5
Q

cardiac index by age

A

decreases with age

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6
Q

CO and O2 consumption w/ exercise

A

both increase w/ exercise

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7
Q

used to calculate blood flow thru an organ

A

flick principle of blood flow
also for blood flow thru entire body

CO = O2 consumption / (O2pul vein - O2pul art)

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8
Q

how to measure pulmonary vein [O2]

A

in systemic arterial blood

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9
Q

how to measure pulmonary artery [O2]

A

in systemic mixed venous blood

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10
Q

using flick principle to calculate CO

A

= rest O2/ (art - venous)

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11
Q

using flick principle to calculate SV

A

= CO / HR

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12
Q

what is the determining factor that controls how much blood the heart pumps out?

A

–the amount of blood that is returned to the heart is what gets pumped out

–the heart pumps out whatever blood it gets

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13
Q

the heart is a _____ pump

A

demand

pumps out what the tissues demands

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14
Q

the cardiovascular system consists of two ____ and two ____ connected in ____.

A

2 pumps
2 circuits

connected in series

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15
Q

pumps of the cardiovascular system

A

left and right ventricles

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16
Q

circuits of the cardiovascular system

A

pulmonary and systemic circuits connected in series

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17
Q

relate flow in both circuits

A
  1. flow is equal in both circuits
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18
Q

relate CO in both circuits

A

CO is equal

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19
Q

relate pressures of both circuits

A

systemic is always higher

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20
Q

relate chemical composition of both circuits

A

pulmonary venous composition = systemic arterial blood

systemic veins = pulmonary arterial blood

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21
Q

factors that directly affect cardiac output

A
  1. basic metabolism rate
  2. exercise?
  3. age
  4. size
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22
Q

normal values of CO

A

young = 5.6
women = 4.9
resting adult = 5.0 L/min

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23
Q

are peripheral or internal factors more important in controlling CO?

A

peripheral factors

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24
Q

frank-starling law of CO

A

heart automatically pumps whatever amount of blood that flows into the right atrium

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25
Q

stretching of heart causes…..

A

heart to pump faster and initiates Bainbridge reflex

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26
Q

ohm’s law of CO

A

any time the long-term level of total peripheral resistance changes, the CO will change in opposite direction

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27
Q

Bainbridge reflex

A

atrial stretch reflex

it responds to changes in blood vol. as detected by stretch receptors in right atrium

can control HR

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28
Q

baroreceptors

A

respond to changes in arterial pressure

for HR control

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29
Q

baroreceptors and Bainbridge reflex importance

A

not very important in humans

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30
Q

ex. of Bainbridge reflex in humans

A

after giving birth
large amount of blood from placenta returning to mother’s circulation

resulting in tachycardia

31
Q

relate CO to arterial pressure and TPR

A

CO - art. press
directly related

CO - TPR
inversely related

32
Q

effect of anemia on CO and arterial pressure

A

increases both

33
Q

factors that cause of hypereffective heart

A
  1. nervous stim
  2. hypertrophy of heart
  3. exercise via nervous sys.
34
Q

factors that cause a hypoeffective heart

A
  1. increased art. press.
  2. inhibition of heart’s excitability
  3. pathological abnormal rhythms or HR
  4. art. blockages
  5. valve disease
  6. congenital heart disease
  7. cardiac hypoxia
35
Q

ventricular function curve

A

right atrial pressure vs. CO

can demonstrate frank-starling mechanism

36
Q

define hypereffective heart

A

a heart that puts out more blood than normal/ necessary

37
Q

define a hypoeffective heart

A

a heart that puts out less blood than normal/ less than what is needed

38
Q

DNP

A

metabolic stimulant

39
Q

venous return pressure range

A

-2 - +7

40
Q

if right atrial pressure = -2

A

venous return reaches a plateau

caused by collapse of veins entering chest

41
Q

mean systemic filling pressure

A

when venous return = 0 mmhg, right atrial pressure = +7

42
Q

mean circulatory filling pressure

A

–pressures everywhere in the body become equal

when 4L blood vol - it = 0
when 5L blood vol - it = 7 mmhg

43
Q

the greater the difference between the mean systemic filling pressure and the right atrial pressure …….

A

the greater the venous return

44
Q

the difference between the mean systemic filling pressure and the right atrial pressure = ?

A

the pressure gradient for venous return

45
Q

resistance to venous return

A

2/3 from venous resistance

1/3 from arteriolar/small artery resistance

46
Q

venous return = ?

A

(mean systemic filling - right atrial pressure) / resistance to venous return

numerator = venous gradient

47
Q

normal VR values

A

5L/min = (7 - 0) / 1.4 mmhg/L/min

48
Q

factors that affect venous return

A
  1. right atrial pressure
  2. mean systemic filling pressure
  3. blood flow resistance between peripheral vessels and right atrium
49
Q

right atrial pressure number

A

0

50
Q

mean systemic filling pressure

A

= +7

51
Q

when R atrial pressure = mean systemic filling pressure

venous return = ?

A

0

52
Q

plateau on venous return curve

A

–caused by collapse of large veins entering chest when r atrial press. < atmospheric press.

53
Q

how does sympathic stimulation/inhibition effect mean circulatory filling pressure

A

stim = decreased (green)

inhibit = increased (blue)

54
Q

a decrease in resistance allows more blood to flow which = ?

while an increase in resistance has the _____ effect.

A

more venous return

opposite

55
Q

the highest level to which the right atrial pressure can rise is equal to ______ ?

A

the mean systemic filling pressure

56
Q

venous return curve does not include

A

cardiac output

57
Q

as right atrial pressure increases, venous return _____ .

A

decreases

58
Q

mean systemic filling pressure is measured when ?

A

the heart is stopped experimentally

59
Q

an increase in blood volume will _____ CO and an ________ in mean systemic pressure.

A

increase

increase

60
Q

if cardiac output is decreased, right atrial pressure is ______ .

A

decreased

61
Q

decreased venous compliance = _______ blood stored in veins

A

less blood stored

62
Q

positive iontropic effect

A

increases CO equilibrium

and lowers right atrial pressure

63
Q

negative iontropic effect

A

decreases CO equilibrium and raises right atrial pressure

64
Q

local control of blood flow to muscles

A

concentration changes in chemicals/ions

65
Q

nervous control of blood flow to muscles

A

sympathetic nerves and adrenal medulla secrete vasoconstrictors

66
Q

mass discharge of sympathetic nervous system: blood flow to muscles

A

HR increases
peripheral arteries strongly contracted except those in heart, brain, active muscles

veins contracted

67
Q

exercise and blood flow to muscles: results

A

vasoconstriction
increased pumping activity
increased arterial pressure and CO

68
Q

base of ascending aorta gives off ?

A

2 coronary arteries
a right and left

supply the heart muscle itself

69
Q

during systole, coronary blood flow in the left ventricle …..?

A

falls to a low value

opposite to flow in vascular beds of the body

70
Q

during diastole, the cardiac muscle _____ and no longer _______ blood flow throughout the left ventricular ________. results in ?

A

relaxes
obstructs
capillaries

=increased blood flow to heart

71
Q

primary controller of coronary flow

A

local muscle metabolism

72
Q

coronary flow ______ in ______ proportion to additional metabolic consumption of _____ by heart.

A

increases
direct
oxygen

73
Q

coronary occlusion can result in death

A
  1. decreased CO
  2. pulmonary edema
  3. fibrillation
  4. rupture of heart

Physiology Exam 2 (9 decks)

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