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Physiology Exam 2 > L14: Cardiac Output & Blood Flow to Muscle Tissues > Flashcards

L14: Cardiac Output & Blood Flow to Muscle Tissues Flashcards

1
Q

cardiac output definition

A

quantity of blood pumped into the aorta each minute by the heart

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2
Q

other CO definitions

A
  1. quantity of blood that flows thru the circulation

2. sum of all blood flow to all tissues of body

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3
Q

cardiac index

A

CO per square meter of body surface

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4
Q

calculating CI

A

normal human = 70kg
body surface = 1.7
CO = 5 L/min

CI = 5/1.7 == 3 L/min/meter squared

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5
Q

cardiac index by age

A

decreases with age

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6
Q

CO and O2 consumption w/ exercise

A

both increase w/ exercise

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7
Q

used to calculate blood flow thru an organ

A

flick principle of blood flow
also for blood flow thru entire body

CO = O2 consumption / (O2pul vein - O2pul art)

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8
Q

how to measure pulmonary vein [O2]

A

in systemic arterial blood

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9
Q

how to measure pulmonary artery [O2]

A

in systemic mixed venous blood

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10
Q

using flick principle to calculate CO

A

= rest O2/ (art - venous)

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11
Q

using flick principle to calculate SV

A

= CO / HR

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12
Q

what is the determining factor that controls how much blood the heart pumps out?

A

–the amount of blood that is returned to the heart is what gets pumped out

–the heart pumps out whatever blood it gets

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13
Q

the heart is a _____ pump

A

demand

pumps out what the tissues demands

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14
Q

the cardiovascular system consists of two ____ and two ____ connected in ____.

A

2 pumps
2 circuits

connected in series

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15
Q

pumps of the cardiovascular system

A

left and right ventricles

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16
Q

circuits of the cardiovascular system

A

pulmonary and systemic circuits connected in series

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17
Q

relate flow in both circuits

A
  1. flow is equal in both circuits
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18
Q

relate CO in both circuits

A

CO is equal

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19
Q

relate pressures of both circuits

A

systemic is always higher

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20
Q

relate chemical composition of both circuits

A

pulmonary venous composition = systemic arterial blood

systemic veins = pulmonary arterial blood

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21
Q

factors that directly affect cardiac output

A
  1. basic metabolism rate
  2. exercise?
  3. age
  4. size
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22
Q

normal values of CO

A

young = 5.6
women = 4.9
resting adult = 5.0 L/min

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23
Q

are peripheral or internal factors more important in controlling CO?

A

peripheral factors

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24
Q

frank-starling law of CO

A

heart automatically pumps whatever amount of blood that flows into the right atrium

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25
stretching of heart causes.....
heart to pump faster and initiates Bainbridge reflex
26
ohm's law of CO
any time the long-term level of total peripheral resistance changes, the CO will change in opposite direction
27
Bainbridge reflex
atrial stretch reflex it responds to changes in blood vol. as detected by stretch receptors in right atrium can control HR
28
baroreceptors
respond to changes in arterial pressure for HR control
29
baroreceptors and Bainbridge reflex importance
not very important in humans
30
ex. of Bainbridge reflex in humans
after giving birth large amount of blood from placenta returning to mother's circulation resulting in tachycardia
31
relate CO to arterial pressure and TPR
CO - art. press directly related CO - TPR inversely related
32
effect of anemia on CO and arterial pressure
increases both
33
factors that cause of hypereffective heart
1. nervous stim 2. hypertrophy of heart 3. exercise via nervous sys.
34
factors that cause a hypoeffective heart
1. increased art. press. 2. inhibition of heart's excitability 3. pathological abnormal rhythms or HR 4. art. blockages 5. valve disease 6. congenital heart disease 7. cardiac hypoxia
35
ventricular function curve
right atrial pressure vs. CO can demonstrate frank-starling mechanism
36
define hypereffective heart
a heart that puts out more blood than normal/ necessary
37
define a hypoeffective heart
a heart that puts out less blood than normal/ less than what is needed
38
DNP
metabolic stimulant
39
venous return pressure range
-2 - +7
40
if right atrial pressure = -2
venous return reaches a plateau caused by collapse of veins entering chest
41
mean systemic filling pressure
when venous return = 0 mmhg, right atrial pressure = +7
42
mean circulatory filling pressure
--pressures everywhere in the body become equal when 4L blood vol - it = 0 when 5L blood vol - it = 7 mmhg
43
the greater the difference between the mean systemic filling pressure and the right atrial pressure …….
the greater the venous return
44
the difference between the mean systemic filling pressure and the right atrial pressure = ?
the pressure gradient for venous return
45
resistance to venous return
2/3 from venous resistance | 1/3 from arteriolar/small artery resistance
46
venous return = ?
(mean systemic filling - right atrial pressure) / resistance to venous return numerator = venous gradient
47
normal VR values
5L/min = (7 - 0) / 1.4 mmhg/L/min
48
factors that affect venous return
1. right atrial pressure 2. mean systemic filling pressure 3. blood flow resistance between peripheral vessels and right atrium
49
right atrial pressure number
0
50
mean systemic filling pressure
= +7
51
when R atrial pressure = mean systemic filling pressure venous return = ?
0
52
plateau on venous return curve
--caused by collapse of large veins entering chest when r atrial press. < atmospheric press.
53
how does sympathic stimulation/inhibition effect mean circulatory filling pressure
stim = decreased (green) inhibit = increased (blue)
54
a decrease in resistance allows more blood to flow which = ? while an increase in resistance has the _____ effect.
more venous return opposite
55
the highest level to which the right atrial pressure can rise is equal to ______ ?
the mean systemic filling pressure
56
venous return curve does not include
cardiac output
57
as right atrial pressure increases, venous return _____ .
decreases
58
mean systemic filling pressure is measured when ?
the heart is stopped experimentally
59
an increase in blood volume will _____ CO and an ________ in mean systemic pressure.
increase | increase
60
if cardiac output is decreased, right atrial pressure is ______ .
decreased
61
decreased venous compliance = _______ blood stored in veins
less blood stored
62
positive iontropic effect
increases CO equilibrium | and lowers right atrial pressure
63
negative iontropic effect
decreases CO equilibrium and raises right atrial pressure
64
local control of blood flow to muscles
concentration changes in chemicals/ions
65
nervous control of blood flow to muscles
sympathetic nerves and adrenal medulla secrete vasoconstrictors
66
mass discharge of sympathetic nervous system: blood flow to muscles
HR increases peripheral arteries strongly contracted except those in heart, brain, active muscles veins contracted
67
exercise and blood flow to muscles: results
vasoconstriction increased pumping activity increased arterial pressure and CO
68
base of ascending aorta gives off ?
2 coronary arteries a right and left supply the heart muscle itself
69
during systole, coronary blood flow in the left ventricle …..?
falls to a low value opposite to flow in vascular beds of the body
70
during diastole, the cardiac muscle _____ and no longer _______ blood flow throughout the left ventricular ________. results in ?
relaxes obstructs capillaries =increased blood flow to heart
71
primary controller of coronary flow
local muscle metabolism
72
coronary flow ______ in ______ proportion to additional metabolic consumption of _____ by heart.
increases direct oxygen
73
coronary occlusion can result in death
1. decreased CO 2. pulmonary edema 3. fibrillation 4. rupture of heart

Physiology Exam 2 (9 decks)

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