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Physiology Exam 2 > L10: Overview of Circulation > Flashcards

L10: Overview of Circulation Flashcards

1
Q

divisions of circulatory system

A

systemic - arteries and veins

pulmonary - heart and lungs

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2
Q

arterial max and minimum pressure at rest

A

120/80

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3
Q

capillary pressures ranges

A

35 to 10

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4
Q

pulmonary systolic and diastolic pressure

A

25

8

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5
Q

phasic pressure

A

present in aorta to capillaries due to ventricle pumping

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6
Q

sharpest pressure decrease

A

present in arterioles due to having the highest resistance

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7
Q

pulse pressure

A

systolic - diastolic
ex.
120 - 80 = 40

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8
Q

arteries in circulation

A

transport under high pressure due to close proximity to ventricle contractions

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9
Q

arterioles are control ___

A

conduits

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10
Q

capillaries are responsible for

A

exchange between blood and extracellular fluid

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11
Q

veins flow rate

A

contain valves to prevent back flow

flow rate is dependent upon current state: contract/dilate
controlled by surrounding muscles

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12
Q

blood distribution broad

A

84% systemic

16% pulmonary

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13
Q

blood distribution to systemic circulation

A 
64% = veins
13% = arteries
7% = capillaries/arterioles
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14
Q

blood flow pattern from heart to lungs

A 
aorta
large to small arteries
arterioles
capillaries
venules
small to large veins
vena cava
pulmonary artery
lungs
arterioles
capillaries
venules
pulmonary vein
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15
Q

velocity of blood flow

A

V = F/A

A = area
F = volume of blood flow
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16
Q

aorta velocity at rest

A

33 cm/sec

A = 2.5

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17
Q

capillaries velocity at rest

A

0.3 cm/sec

A = 2500

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18
Q

aorta diameter

A

2.5

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19
Q

small artery diameter

A

20 total

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20
Q

arterioles diameter

A

40 total

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21
Q

capillary diameter

A

2500 total

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22
Q

venule diameter

A

250 total

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23
Q

small vein diameter

A

80 total

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24
Q

vena cava diameter

A

9

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25
what are the 3 basic principles that underlie circulatory system functions?
1. blood flow to each tissue is controlled by the tissue 2. the CO is controlled mainly by sum of all the local tissue flows 3. artery pressure regulation: independent of local blood flow and CO controls
26
how is blood flow controlled?
Microvessels monitor tissue needs blood flow changes as need changes they act directly on local vessels causing constriction or dilation
27
what helps the heart get proper CO needs
nerve signals
28
what can activate if arterial pressure falls?
nervous reflexes
29
what primarily control cardiac output?
the tissues themselves and their dynamic needs
30
nervous reflex in response to arterial pressure below 100 mmHg
``` reflex will cause: increased contractile force constrict large vein reservoirs constrict arterioles kidneys may play role ```
31
2 main factors controlling blood flow rates
1. pressure gradient | 2. resistance
32
how do we calculate flow thru a vessel
ohm's law --- Poiseuille equation | F = (delta)P/R
33
flow is directly related to_______ . and inversely related to _____ .
pressure | resistance
34
Poiseuille's equation for change in pressure or resistance
(delta)P = F*R R = (delta)P/F
35
adult blood flow at rest
5000 mL/min (vessels) or 5L/min = CO
36
streamline flow
laminar flow --- flow in layers
37
when does streamline flow occur?
flow is a steady rate | vessel is smooth and long/straight
38
in streamline flow where will blood travel the fastest?
in the center or the farthest distance away from the walls (resistance)
39
nonlayered flow
turbulent flow can create murmurs
40
when does nonlayered flow occur?
flow is too great obstruction w/in vessel sharp turn pass over a rough surface
41
a greater resistance in flow, causing a tendency for turbulent flow to increase
eddy currents
42
eddy currents are directly related to?
velocity of flow diameter of vessel density of blood
43
specific gravity of blood
1.055
44
eddy currents are inversely related to ?
viscosity of blood blood is 4.5x more viscous than water
45
measure of the tendency for turbulence to occur
Reynolds number = Re ``` Re = (vdp)/n n = 1/30 …...so Re = 30vdp ```
46
what does the n represent in Re equation?
viscosity | in blood it always = 1/30poise
47
Re > 200-400
turbulent flow will occur somewhere in vessel
48
Re > 2000
turbulence will occur in the vessel even if the vessel is straight
49
we can directly measure resistance
false, we cannot directly measure it
50
variables used in resistance calculations
1. vessel radius** 2. blood viscosity 3. vessel length
51
formulas for resistance
R = (delta)P/F R = 8nl/(pie)r^4
52
what is the most important variable in resistance?
vessel radius
53
mean pulmonary arterial pressure
16
54
mean left atrial pressure
2
55
total pulmonary vascular resistance = ?
(pulmonary atrial P - left atria P) / CO (16-2)/100 = 0.14 PRU
56
PRU
peripheral resistance unit
57
resistance of entire systemic circulation = ?
total peripheral resistance
58
how to calculate PRU?
(CO which = 100mL/sec) / (systemic artery P - systemic vein P) = resistance of entire systemic circulation
59
R = 4 PRU
vessels are strongly constricted | severe blood loss or heart attack
60
R = 0.2 PRU
vessels are greatly dilated
61
define conductance
measure of blood flow through a vessel for a given pressure difference
62
relate conductance and resistance
conductance is the exact reciprocal of resistance C = 1/R
63
conductance equation
Poiseuille's law F = (pie)(delta P)r^4 / 8nl ``` F = flow rate n = viscosity l = length ```
64
relate conductance and diameter
conductance is directly proportional to d^4 increase d 4x = flow increase of 256x
65
how does the relationship between conductance and diameter effect blood vessels?
a minor change in diameter can have a vast impact on flow rate

Physiology Exam 2 (9 decks)

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