L15 & 16 - ANS 1 & 2

Question 1

Allostasis

Answer 1

Maintaining balanced system with changing environment - can be predictive (e.g. pregnancy and lactation) or reactive

Question 2

2 types of ganglia in sympathetic NS and 1 more worth mentioning

Answer 2

Paravertebral ganglia aka sympathetic chain, 2 chains of ganglia run next to vertebral column

Prevertebral ganglia aka mesenteric ganglia (single row of ganglia at midline)

Innervation of adrenal medulla to secrete hormones A and NA

Question 3

In relation to airways, what does the sympathetic NS do

Answer 3

Relax and dilate airways

Question 4

How is mass activation and coordination achieved in the sympathetic NS? Is it the same for the para NS?

Answer 4

1) Activation of adrenal medullary nerves
2) Activation of many preganglionic pathways at once
3) Some preganglionic neurons have many axon collaterals so can activate many postgrang. neurons at once

No, in para NS - no adrenal medullary and not as much axon collaterals and hence is limited.

Question 5

PARA NS: Pregang. axons at two sites

Answer 5

Brainstem nuclei and sacral spinal cord (axons project via spinal nerves)

Question 6

Sacral postgang. neurons of para NS lie in

Answer 6

Pelvic plexus (inf. hypogastric plexus) - also contain symp neurons that are unusually long and vulnerable to surgical injury

Question 7

Synaptophysin

Answer 7

Synaptic protein found in terminals of preganglionic axons

Question 8

SYMP NS - Which postganglionic neurons release ACh?

Answer 8

Neurons of sweat glands release acetylcholine for the activation of muscarinic receptors.

Question 9

What is functional antagonism?

Answer 9

Opposing actions but via different cells/parts of muscle

e.g. Symp - contract pupil dilator muscle, contract base of bladder (ontinence)
Para - contract pupil sphincter muscle, contract body of bladder (voiding)

Question 10

Effect of symp and para on salivary glands

Answer 10

Symp - serous secretion

Para - mucous secretion

Question 11

Some tissues only have one type of innervation

Answer 11

Some tissues only have one type of innervation

Question 12

Electroceuticals

Answer 12

Swapping drugs for devices, with the goal of activating or reducing neural pathway of choice

Question 13

Miturition

Answer 13

Voiding

Question 14

Dsyreflexia is a SPI in spinal region above

Answer 14

T6

Question 15

External sphincter muscle of urethra - Vol or invol

Answer 15

Vol