L11 Cell Communication II

Question 1

What do endocrine organs secrete?

Answer 1

Hormones

Question 2

Where is adrenaline produced

Answer 2

adrenal glands

Question 3

What is bisoprolol

Answer 3

selective inhibitor of B1 adrenergic receptors

Question 4

Where are B1 adrenergic receptors located

Answer 4

heart

Question 5

Hormone concentrations in the body

Answer 5

very low

Question 6

Hormone receptor qualities

Answer 6

specific and sensitive

Question 7

Role of the hypothalamus and pituitary gland

Answer 7

homeostasis maintainence

Question 8

What do the hypothalamus and pituitary gland link?

Answer 8

neuronal and endocrinological systems

Question 9

What is the precursor of steroid hormones

Answer 9

lipids

Question 10

Examples of steroid hormones

Answer 10

cholesterol, cortisol, estradiol, and vitamin d3

Question 11

Properties of steroid hormones

Answer 11

hydrophilic and hydrophobic

Question 12

Why are steroid hormones hydrophilic and hydrophobic

Answer 12

because they are derived from lipids

Question 13

What can steroid hormones penetrate

Answer 13

cell membranes and blood brain barrier

Question 14

Why can steroid hormones penetrate the BBB and PM

Answer 14

because they are hydrophobic and hydrophilic

Question 15

What are the two classes of steroid hormones

Answer 15

corticosteroids and sex steroids

Question 16

What are the subtypes of corticosteroids

Answer 16

glucocorticoids and mineralcorticoids

Question 17

What are the subtypes of sex steroids

Answer 17

oestrogens, androgens, progestogens

Question 18

What does the DNA binding domain in nuclear receptors encode

Answer 18

zinc fingers

Question 19

What is the function of zinc fingers in nuclear receptors

Answer 19

access the DNA double helix

Question 20

What do nuclear receptors bind to

Answer 20

hormone response elements of target genes

Question 21

What is the function of nuclear receptors in hormone signalling pathway

Answer 21

link hormone secretion directly to regulation of gene expression of responsive tissues

Question 22

What is the effect of primary response to steroid hormones

Answer 22

induced synthesis of primary response proteins

Question 23

What is the effect of secondary response to steroid hormones

Answer 23

primary response protein shuts off primary response and turns on secondary response genes

Question 24

What does the glucocorticoid receptor regulate

Answer 24

metabolism, catabolism, and biosynthesis

Question 25

What is the effect of dex

Answer 25

triggers upregulation of DNA and transcriptional machinery

Question 26

What are the medical uses of glucocorticoids

Answer 26

immunosuppressants and potent anti-inflammatory agents

Question 27

Side effects of glucocorticoid use

Answer 27

bone loss and glucose dysregulation

Question 28

When are glucocorticoids released

Answer 28

in response to stress and reduced blood sugar levels

Question 29

Where is cortisol released from

Answer 29

adrenal gland

Question 30

Disease with too little cortisol

Answer 30

addisons disease

Question 31

What is addisons disease caused by

Answer 31

primary and secondary adrenal insufficiency

Question 32

Cause of primary adrenal insufficiency

Answer 32

damage to adrenal glands

Question 33

Cause of secondary adrenal insufficiency

Answer 33

lack of adrenocorticotropic hormone

Question 34

Symptoms of addisons disease

Answer 34

depression, flu, nausea, weight loss

Question 35

What disease is associated with high cortisol levels

Answer 35

Cushing's syndrome

Question 36

What can cause Cushing's syndrome

Answer 36

benign adenoma in the pituitary gland, long term steroid use

Question 37

Symptoms of Cushing's syndrome

Answer 37

weight gain, high BP, puffy face

Question 38

What stimulates insulin production

Answer 38

beta cells in the pancreas

Question 39

Role of insulin

Answer 39

regulates blood glucose levels

Question 40

What is type 1 diabetes caused by

Answer 40

destruction of beta cells

Question 41

Insulin receptor structure

Answer 41

hetero-tetramer

Question 42

Insulin receptor bonds

Answer 42

disulphide bonds

Question 43

What regulates insulin receptor activity

Answer 43

tyrosine kinase

Question 44

Function of tyrosine kinase on insulin receptor

Answer 44

phosphorylation

Question 45

First step of insulin signalling

Answer 45

tyrosine phosphorylation of insulin receptor & direct substrates

Question 46

Second step of insulin signalling

Answer 46

activation of lipid kinase - PI3K

Question 47

Third step of insulin signalling

Answer 47

activation of multiple serine/theronine kinases

Question 48

What is the function of insulin receptor substrate proteins

Answer 48

allow binding of lipid kinase

Question 49

What is the function of lipid kinase in hormone signalling

Answer 49

synthesise PIPs at PM

Question 50

What does PIP3 recruit in hormone signalling

Answer 50

phosphoinositide dependent kinase - PDK

Question 51

What does PDK do

Answer 51

phosphorylates AKT

Question 52

Function of AKT in hormone signalling

Answer 52

phosphorylates substrates which then activate downstream targets

Question 53

Hypo-glycemia

Answer 53

excessive insulin

Question 54

Symptoms of hypo-glycemia

Answer 54

low blood sugar levels, death

Question 55

What is type 2 diabetes characterised by

Answer 55

dysregulation of carbohydrate, lipid and protein metabolism

Question 56

Insulin secretion type 2 diabetes

Answer 56

secretion impaired, resistance can occur

Question 57

Treatment for diabetes type 2

Answer 57

metformin

Question 58

Effect of metformin

Answer 58

decreased insulin resistance, reduction of plasma insulin levels

Question 59

What does metformin inhibit

Answer 59

mitochondrial complex I

Question 60

What enzyme does metformin activate

Answer 60

AMP activated protein kinase - regulates glucose metabolism