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MBBS II HNNS > L1 – Overview of the Central Nervous System > Flashcards

L1 – Overview of the Central Nervous System Flashcards

1
Q

Difference between glutamate and GABA action in synapses?

A

Glutamate = excitatory transmitter

GABA = inhibitory neurotransmitter

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2
Q

List some postsynaptic receptor types for Glutamate and GABA?

A 
All postsynaptic neurons are ion channels 
Glutamate:
- AMPA receptor 
- NDMA receptor 
- Kainite receptor

GABA:
- Cl- ion channels

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3
Q

Differences in the action between GABAergic and Glutamatergic synapses?

A

GABA = Inhibitory postsynaptic potential = postsynaptic neuron hyperpolarization

Glutamate = Excitatory postsynaptic potential = postsynaptic neuron depolarizes

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4
Q

Difference between sensation and perception ?

A

Sensation = OBJECTIVE sensory physiology, involves interaction with sense organ, adequate stimulus at receptor for excitation, central processing for integration

Perception = SUBJECTIVE sensory physiology. Involves integration of conscious subject, subject the impression with experience, reason and personality

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5
Q

Explain the pathology of epilepsy at the neuron level.

A

Epilepsy: excitation-inhibition imbalance in motor cortex (precentral gyrus)

> > spread of abnormal synchronized cortical discharge (repetitive firing)

> > seizure, convulsion

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6
Q

Explain the efect of ‘angel dust’/ PCP on the brain?

A

phencyclidine piperidine (PCP / ‘angel dust’ = recreational dissociative drug)

> > blocks NMDA receptors for glutamate (excitatory) on neuronal membrane

> > abnormal synaptic function (no Na+, Ca2+ influx)

> > behavior mimics schizophrenia

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7
Q

Define the somatic senses. (4)

A

Touch
Body position/ Proprioception
Temp.
Pain

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8
Q

Define the special senses. (5)

A 
Taste 
Smell 
Hearing 
Balance 
Vision
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9
Q

List the organelles responsible for the somatic senses in the skin?

A

Mechanical stimuli delivered to skin activate several mechanoreceptors simultaneously but to different degree

  • Touch: Meissner’s Corpuscle
  • Pain, temperature: free nerve ending
  • Pressure: Merkel’s disk
  • Vibration: Pacinian corpuscle & Ruffini’s ending
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10
Q

Difference between neural pathway for touch/ vibration/ position versus pathway for temp/pain?

A

Touch/ Vibration/ Position:
Dorsal root ganglion cells synapse at medulla at cuneate nucleus and medial leminscus

Pain/ Temp:
Dorsal root ganglion cells synapse at spinal cord

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11
Q

List the neural pathway for peripheral sensation?

A
  1. Receptor ending
  2. Afferent fiber (either mechanosensory or pain/temp)
  3. Dorsal root ganglion cells (either synapse at medulla or spinal cord)
  4. Midbrain
  5. Synapse at VPN complex of thalamus
  6. Cerebrum somatosensory cortex
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12
Q

What is a topographic body map?

A

organization of body senses into 2D cortical columns

Map around the somatosensory cortex with distorted body surface for tactile sensibility

Areas of high acuity are magnified on the body map

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13
Q

Difference between the control of pain withdrawal and reflexive motor control?

A

Pain withdrawal: does not require supraspinal control, execution at the spinal level

Reflexive: Requires supraspinal control/ central integration before motor output

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14
Q

Describe the pathway of ipsilateral and contralateral pain stumulus to a leg.

A

Ipsilateral:
Flexors contract to move foot away from painful stimulus, extensors inhibited

Contralateral:
Crosses extensor reflex: Extensors contract and weight shift to other leg, Flexors inhibited on other leg

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15
Q

Which reflexes involve supraspinal control?

A

Plantar reflex

Used to test CST function

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16
Q

What are the main neural areas for motor control?

A

Cerebellum
Basal ganglia
Cerebral motor cortex

17
Q

What are the lateral and Ventromedial pathways for voluntary motor control?

A

Lateral: Pathway via Red Nucleus, Corticospinal tract

Ventromedial: Pathway via Reticular nuclei, Pathway via Superior colliculus and vestibular nucleus

18
Q

List some surgery outcomes of Prefrontal Lobotomy?

A 
 cannot concentrate
 ill-tempered
 loss of emotional thought
 difficulty in planning & working towards goals
 personality change
 lowering of moral standard
19
Q

List some functions of the Right hemisphere?

A 
 Left hand 
 Musical and artistic ability 
 Perception of space 
 Imagination and fantasizing 
 Body control and awareness
20
Q

List some functions of the Left hemisphere?

A 
 Right hand 
 Logical thinking 
 Language ability 
 Writing 
 Science and math work
21
Q

Areas of the brain involved with the limbic system? Function of the system?

A

Hippocampus, Amygdala

  • Learning, memory
  • Sleep, wakefulness
  • Emotion
22
Q

Pathway and difference in action between sympathetic and parasympathetic activation on: Pupil (eye)

A

Sym: Thoracic sympathetic chain: Dilate

Parasym: CNIII: Constrict

23
Q

Pathway and difference in action between sympathetic and parasympathetic activation on: Salivation, tearing (lacrimal, salivary glands)

A

Sym: Thoracic sympathetic chain: Inhibit secretion
Parasym: CN VII and CN IX: Stimulate secretion

24
Q

Pathway and difference in action between sympathetic and parasympathetic activation on: Blood vessels

A

Sym: Thoracic sympathetic chain: Constrict vessels
Parasym: CNX: Dilate (in gut)

25
Q

Pathway and difference in action between sympathetic and parasympathetic activation on: Airway

A

Sym: Thoracic sym. chain: Relax airway
Parasym: CN X: Constrict airway

26
Q

Pathway and difference in action between sympathetic and parasympathetic activation on: Heart

A

Sym: Thoracic sym. chain: Increase HR
Parasym: CN X: Decrease HR

27
Q

Pathway and difference in action between sympathetic and parasympathetic activation on: Glucose homeostasis (Liver)

A

Sym: Thoracic collateral ganglia: Increase glucose production
Parasym CN X: Decrease ‘’

28
Q

Pathway and difference in action between sympathetic and parasympathetic activation on: Digestion (stomach)

A

Sym: Thoracic collateral ganglia: Inhibits digestion
Parasym: CN X: Increase digestion

29
Q

Pathway and difference in action between sympathetic and parasympathetic activation on: Pancreatic secretions

A

Sym: n/a
Parasym: Stimulate

30
Q

Pathway and difference in action between sympathetic and parasympathetic activation on: Adrenal medulla secretions (NE)

A

Sym: Thoracic sym. chain: Stimulate NE release
Parasym: n/a

31
Q

Pathway and difference in action between sympathetic and parasympathetic activation on: Urinary bladder

A

Sym: Lumbar sym. chain: Relaxes bladder
Parasym: Sacral nerves: Contract bladder

32
Q

Pathway and difference in action between sympathetic and parasympathetic activation on: Reproductive organs

A

Sym: Lumbar sym. chain: Stimulate orgasm
Parasym: Sacral nerves: Stimulate sexual arousal

33
Q

Symptoms of Alzheimer’s?

A

Impaired learning and memory
Disoriented time and place
Poor judgement
Language impairment

34
Q

A brief overview of pathology of AD?

A

Extreme shrinkage of hippocampus, accumulation of Amyloid plaque and Tau fragment causing loss of brain cells

35
Q

Pathology of Parkinson’s?

A

Apoptosis of dopamine neurons in substantia nigra > Lack of dopamine release > Disrupted firing to basal ganglia (Striatum: caudate nucleus, putamen) > Movement disorders

36
Q

Action of Heroin on neurons?

A

Heroin acts on opioid receptors on GABAergive neurons > Inhibit release of GABA to GABA receptor on dopamine neuron

> Less conversion of tyrosine to dopamine in dopamine neuron for release to D1/D2 like receptors

> Less generation of cAMP on postsynaptic neuron

37
Q

Action of cocaine on neurons?

A

Cocaine binds to uptake transporter on dopamine neuron > Enhance dopamine effect on D1/D2 like receptors > More cAMP production in postsynaptic neuron

MBBS II HNNS (57 decks)

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