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MBBS II HNNS > L05 - Thalamus and Cortex > Flashcards

L05 - Thalamus and Cortex Flashcards

1
Q

Shape and location of the Thalamus in relation to the brainstem?

A

Shape = Large ovoid mass of gray matter. Anterior end is narrow and rounded and posterior end is expended to form the pulvinar

Location: Major part of diencephalon, both sides of 3rd ventricle joined by Interthalamic adhesion

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2
Q

Topographic location of the thalamus - Anterior and Posterior?

A

Anterior: interventricular foramen

Posterior: pulvinar (+ Pineal gland)

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3
Q

Topographic location of the thalamus - Superior and inferior?

A

Superior: stratum zonale (White mater) & strita terminalis

Inferior: tegmentum of midbrain

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4
Q

Topographic location of the thalamus - Medial and lateral?

A

Medial: lateral wall of 3rd ventricle

Lateral: nerve fibers of internal capsules

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5
Q

What internal structures are destroyed in a lateral dissection of the thalamus?

A

Caudate nucleus and putamen

Lentiform nucleus = Putamen + Globus pallidus. Inside basal ganglia

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6
Q

4 parts of the diencephalon?

A

Epithalamus
Thalamus
Subthalamus
Hypothalamus

(Hypothalamic sulus divides thalamus from hypothalamus)

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7
Q

List some structures that lie inferior to the hypothalamus?

A

Oculomotor nerve
Mammillary body
Infundibulum
Optic nerve and chiasm

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8
Q

Function of epithalamus?

A

pineal gland secretes melatonin

Control circadian rhythm

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9
Q

Function of thalamus?

A

1) Relays all sensory input to the cortex (esp. frontal motor region)
2) Controls the perception of touch, pressure, temperature
3) Involved in movement control

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10
Q

Function of Subthalamus?

A

 Connects subthalamic nuclei and basal ganglia

 Controls body movement, emotion

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11
Q

Function of Hypothalamus?

A

 Controls body temperature

 Regulates feeding behavior

 Regulates emotion, circadian rhythms, pattern of wake/sleep

 Releases hormones to regulate pituitary gland (vs. reticular formation = nerve control)

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12
Q

Function of the Anterior group of thalamic nuclei?

A

part of limbic system: memory, emotion:

Hippocampus, Mammilary body input
Cingulate cortex output

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13
Q

Function of the Ventral (antero-lateral) group of thalamic nuclei?

A

 Signals from cerebellum, basal nuclei, globus pallidus to motor areas of cortex

 Somesthetic output to postcentral gyrus

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14
Q

Function of the Lateral group of thalamic nuclei?

A

 Somesthetic output to cortical association areas

 Contributes to emotional function of limbic system

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15
Q

Function of the Posterior group of thalamic nuclei?

A

 Visual signals to occipital lobe / primary visual cortex (via lateral geniculate nucleus)

 Auditory signals to temporal lobe / primary auditory cortex (from inner ear > inferior olivary nucleus > medial geniculate nucleus)

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16
Q

What separates the thalamic nuclei into groups?

A

Lamina

i.e. internal medullary lamina separates lateral and medial thalamus

External medullary lamina enclose Lateral thalamus

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17
Q

Describe the division of the ventral thalamic nuclei

A

From antero- lateral to postero- lateral:

  • Ventral anterior (VA)
  • Ventral lateral (VL)
  • Ventral posterior (VP)

VP subdivided into:
V. Intermedial (VI),
V. posteromedial (VPM),
V. posterolateral (VPL)

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18
Q

Input and output flow of:

Ventral lateral thalamus?

A

Input: Globus pallidus + Cerebellum

Output: Motor cortex

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19
Q 
Input and output flow of: 
Ventral posterior (VPL and VPM included) thalamus?
A

Input: Medial, spinal and trigeminal lemnisci (sensory from lower and upper extremities + head and neck)

Output: Somatosensory cortex

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20
Q

Input and output flow of:

Ventral anterior thalamus?

A

Input: Globus pallidus/ basal ganglia

Output: Premotor cortex

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21
Q

Input and output flow of:

Lateral geniculate body?

A

Input: Optic tract

Output: Primary visual cortex

22
Q

Input and output flow of:

Medial geniculate body?

A

Input: Inferior branchium (inner ear)

Output: Primary auditory cortex

23
Q

Input and output flow of:

medial thalamus?

A

Input: substantia nigra, Amygdala, Olfactory cortex

Output: Prefrontal cortex

(Emotional signals, Awareness of emotions)

24
Q

Difference in the input of VPL and VPM?

A

VPL = sensory from lower and upper extremities

VPM = sensory from Head and neck

25
Q

Pain at dorsum of the foot: trace the neural pathway to the CNS?

A 
Nociceptor in skin 
> dorsal horn spinal cord 
> spinothalamic tract 
> medulla oblongata 
> VPL 
> Somatosensory cortex
26
Q

Descending motor pathway passes through thalamus for processing. True or False?

A

False

Motor never passes through thalamus, only bypasses to brainstem/ spinal cord/ Diencephalon/ Cerebellum

27
Q

List the components of the Basal Ganglion circuit?

A
  • Striatum
  • Globus pallidus (internal and external segments)
  • Subthalamic nucleus
  • Substantia nigra (pas compacta + pars reticulata)
28
Q

Go through the direct pathway in Basal ganglion circuit to increase motor output?

A

Cortex release Glutamate

> > Stimulate striatum to increase more GABA/ Substance P

> > Inhibit globus pallidus Internal** + Substantia nigra pars reticulata, less GABA released

> > Thalamus less inhibited by GABA, release more Glu.

> > Increase stimulation of Supplementary motor area, increase motor output

29
Q

Go through the indirect pathway in Basal ganglion circuit to decrease motor output?

A

Cortex releases Glutamate

> > Striatum stimulated, Increase GABA/ Enkephalin release to Globus Pallidus External**

> > G.P. external more inhibited, released less GABA to Subthalamic nucleus

> > Subthalamic nucleus less inhibited, releases more Glutamate to G.P. Internal**

> > G.P. Internal releases more GABA to Thalamus

> > Thalamus more inhibited, releases less Glutamate to supplementary motor area

> > Decrease motor output

30
Q

What is the role of substantia nigra in the basal ganglion circuit?

A

Cortex releases glutamate

> > Striatum releases GABA to Substantia nigra pars compacta

> > Inhibit S.N, less dopamine released back to Striatum

> > Fine tune motor control

31
Q

List the lobes in the cerebral cortex.

A

Frontal, Parietal, Occipital, Temporal

32
Q

How to locate frontal and parietal lobes?

A

Central sulcus

Anterior to Parietal lobe (i.e. primary somatosensory cortex)

Posterior to frontal lobe (i.e. primary motor cortex)

33
Q

List the areas of the frontal lobe of cortex?

A 
Primary motor cortex 
Motor association area 
Broca area 
Prefrontal cortex
Olfactory association cortex
34
Q

List the areas of the Parietal lobe of cortex?

A

Primary somatosensory cortex

Somatosensory association cortex

35
Q

List the areas of the temporal lobe of cortex?

A

Wenicke area
Primary auditory cortex
Auditory association area

36
Q

List the areas of the occipital lobe of cortex?

A

Primary visual cortex

Visual association cortex

37
Q

Which cortex areas are involved in language?

A

Broca’s area in frontal lobe = Generate and use of language

Wenicke’s area in temporal lobe = Comprehension of language

Connected by Arcuate fasciculus

38
Q

3 types of fibers in the cortex and their functions?

A

1) Association fibers: interconnect cortical areas within the same hemisphere
2) Arcuate fibers: interconnect gyri within a lobe
3) Longitudinal fasciculi (e.g. superior longitudinal fasciculus): interconnect frontal lobe with other cerebral lobes

39
Q

Failure of the Broca’s/ Wernicke’s area produces what symptoms?

A

Broca’s = speaks vocabulary but not sentence, expressive aphasia

Wernicke’s = speaks sentence but no comprehension, receptive aphasia

40
Q

List the layers of the cortex from superior to inferior.

A

Molecular layer

External granular layer
External pyramidal layer

Internal granular layer
Internal pyramidal layer

Multiform layer

41
Q

List the sequence of brain areas involved in the Limbic system, starting with Parahippocampal gyrus.

A

Parahippocampal gyrus

> > Hippocampus

> > Fimbria

> > Fornix

> > Mamillary body

> > Anterior Thalamus

> > Posterior cingulate gyrus

> > Cortex/ back to Parahippocampal gyrus

42
Q

List the sequence of brain areas involved in the Papez circuit, starting with the Hippocampus.

A

Hippocampus

> > fornix

> > mammillary body + mammillothalamic tract

> > anterior nucleus of thalamus

> > anterior cingulate gyrus / area and prefrontal association area of cortex (layer 5)

> > cingulum

> > entorhinal cortex of parahippocampus gyrus

> > hippocampus

43
Q

What is the function of the Hippocampal formation?

A

Learning, recent memory, perception of time, navigation and emotion

44
Q

Function of the Amygdaloid complex?

A

Amygdala complex connected to Stria terminalis above thalamus:

 Involved in defense and attack, fear, rage

 Influences endocrine functions of hypothalamus

45
Q

Function of Entorhinal cortex?

A

Inside parahippocampus at medial temporal lobe

Interface between hippocampus and neocortex: memory, navigation and the perception of time

46
Q

List the components of the Hippocampal formation?

A

Parahippocampus
Dentate gyrus
Hippocampus
Fimbria

47
Q

If a SPECT scan reveals isolated frontal lobe shrinkage, is it Alzheimer’s disease or Frontotemperol lobe dementia?

A

Not alzheimer’s&raquo_space; temoral lobe degeneration mostly + diffuse involvement

48
Q

Histological change seen in CJD?

A

Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease (CJD) = prion disease

Spongiform cortex: formation of vacuoles (empty space), tau

Rapidly affects mental acuity, memory

49
Q

Parts of brain involved in explicit memory?

A

Includes episodic and semantic memory:

Hippocampus, Nucleus Basalis, Medial temporal lobe

50
Q

Divide Implicit memory into subcategories and their related brain areas.

A

1) Skill and habit&raquo_space; Striatum, Motor areas of cortex, cerebellum
2) Emotional association&raquo_space; Amygdala, Insula
3) Conditioned reflexes&raquo_space; Cerebellum

51
Q

Part of brain involved in Working memory?

A

Prefrontal cortex

> > Ventrolateral prefrontal cortex for non-spatial memory e.g. color & shape

> > Dorsolateral prefrontal cortex for Spatial memory

MBBS II HNNS (57 decks)

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