HNNS Anatomy- Structure and Functions of Head and Neck

Question 1

2 main parts of the skull?

Answer 1

1) Cranium: Calvaria and upper half of face

2) Mandible

Question 2

Number of facial bones?

Answer 2

6 paired: 
Lacrimal 
Zygomatic 
Nasal 
Maxilla 
Inferior nasal concha 
Palatine 

2 unpaired
Mandible
Vomer

Question 3

List the sutures that join the skull bones superiorly?

Answer 3

Coronal sutures join frontal and parietal bones
Saggital suture join 2 parietal bones
Lamdoid suture join parietal bones with occipital bone

Question 4

Define the location of Bregma and Lambda?

Answer 4

Bregma/ Anterior fontanelle = point where coronal suture meets sagittal suture

Lambda/ Posterior fontanelle = point where Lamdoid suture meets saggital suture

Question 5

Define the thinnest part of the cranium and clinical significance?

Answer 5

Pterion

Overlie anterior division of the Middle meningeal A/V
Blow out = serious bleeding

Question 6

List the bones that form the orbit?

Answer 6

Frontal, zygomatic, maxillary, ethmoid, Greater wing of sphenoid and Lacrimal bones

Question 7

Define the location of the infraorbital foramen and what passes through it?

Answer 7

At floor of orbit 
Infraorbital nerve (V2) passes through

Question 8

Define the opening that allows for passage of the Mental nerve (v3)

Answer 8

Pair of lateral openings at anterior mandible = Mental foramen

Question 9

Define the location and content of the mandibular foramen?

Answer 9

Medial ramus

Inferior alveolar nerve, artery and vein

Question 10

Define the opening for passage of CN I, II, III, IV?

Answer 10

I = Anterior cranial fossa, Cribiform plate of ethmoid bone

II = Middle cranial fossa, Optic canal in the lesser wing of sphenoid

III = Superior orbital fissure

IV = Superior orbital fissure

Question 11

Content of the superior orbital fissure?

Answer 11

• Superior ophthalmic vein + br. of Inferior Opthalmic vein
• Superior + Inferior division of Oculomotor nerve (CN III)
• Trochlear nerve (CN IV)
• Nasociliary, Lacrimal and Frontal nerves (V1)
• Abducens nerve (CN VI)

Question 12

Define the openings for passage of the 3 divisions of CN V?

Answer 12

V1 = Superior orbital fissure 
V2 = Foramen rotundum 
V3 = Foramen ovale

Question 13

Define the opening for passage of CN VII, VIII, IX, X, XI, XII?

Answer 13

Internal acoustic meatus = CN 7,8

Jugul ar foramen = CN 9,10,11

Hypoglossal canal = CN 12

Question 14

What cavities does foramen rotundum connect?

Answer 14

middle cranial fossa and the pterygopalatine fossa

Question 15

Content of Foramen Ovale?

Answer 15

O = Otic ganglion 
V = V3 
A = Accessory Meningeal artery 
L = Lesser petrosal nerve 
E = Emissary veins

Question 16

Content of Foramen Spinosum?

Answer 16

Foramen spinosum:

Middle meningeal artery
Middle meningeal vein
Meningeal branch of CN V3

Question 17

Content of foramen magnum?

Answer 17

Vertebral arteries
Medulla and meninges
CN XI (spinal division)
Dural veins
Anterior and posterior spinal arteries

Question 18

Content of jugular foramen?

Answer 18

Glossopharyngeal nerve (CN IX)
Vagus nerve (CN X)
Accessory nerve (CN XI)
Jugular bulb
Inferior petrosal and sigmoid sinuses

Question 19

Describe the structure of the TMJ?

Answer 19

Head of mandible/ Condyloid process articulate with the temporal bone at Mandibular fossa

Synovial joint, separated by fibrocartilaginous discs into upper and lower cavities

Question 20

List the division of the neck fasciae?

Answer 20

Superficial fascia = Subcutaneous fat below skin + Nerves, veins, Platysma muscle

Deep fascia = 3 layers converge at carotid sheath
- Investing, Pretracheal, Prevertebral layers

Question 21

Content of carotid sheath

Answer 21

Vagus nerve, common carotid artery, Internal jugular vein

Question 22

Define the borders of 2 triangles of the neck?

Answer 22

2 triangles divided by SCM (from mastoid process to sternum/ clavicle)

Anterior triangle = Midline, anterior border of SCM
Posterior = SCM and trapezius

Question 23

Innervation fo the strap muscles?

Answer 23

Ansa Cervicalis (C1-C3), part of the cervical plexus

Question 24

List the 4 processes of the Maxilla?

Answer 24

Frontal process = medial border or orbit
Zygomatic = part of zygomatic arch
Alveolar = teeth
Palatine = part of hard palate

Question 25

Which bones form the zygomatic arch?

Answer 25

Maxilla (zygomatic process) Zygomatic bone Temporal bone (zygomatic process)

Question 26

Define the borders of the Pterygopalatine fossa+ content?

Answer 26

Pterygomaxillary fissures: Between Maxilla (anterior border) and Lateral pterygoid plate (posterior border) Contains Sphenopalatine foramen (sphenopalatine artery (Maxillary a. br.) to Nasal cavity) + Pterygopalatine ganglion

Question 27

Content of the supraorbital notch?

Answer 27

Supraorbital VAN and Supratrochlear VAN

Question 28

Define the content of Stylomastoid foramen, Carotid foramen, Jugular foramen, Foramen lacerum of the Temporal bone?

Answer 28

Stylomastoid = Facial nerve from middle ear Carotid = ICA Jugular = CN 9,10,11 + IJV Foramen lacerum = Greater Petrosal Nerve (CN7) + emissary veins from cavernous sinus to pterygoid venous plexus

Question 29

List the surface markings at the inferior parietal bones?

Answer 29

Granulation foveolae | Grooves for superior saggital fissure and middle meningeal vessels

Question 30

Define the location of the 3 cranial fossae?

Answer 30

Anterior fossa = Above orbit Middle = Above zygomatic arch Posterior = Below superior nuchal line

Question 31

ROM of TMJ?

Answer 31

Opening and closing jaw Protuding Grinding: L/R oblique movement

Question 32

Describe how dislocation of TMJ occurs?

Answer 32

Condyle of mandible displaced anterior to articular eminence Muscle spasm prevents return of condyle into glenoid fossa

Question 33

Compare the functions of the nasal cavities and paranasal sinuses?

Answer 33

Nasal = Olfaction, Moisturising + warming + filtering air Paranasal = Resonance in voice, reduce weight of skull

Question 34

Define the superior and inferior border of neck?

Answer 34

Superior = Mandible and Basicranium Inferior = Sternum, Clavicle, Acromion of scapula , C7 spinous process

Question 35

List the structures surrounded by the pretracheal layer of deep fascia of neck?

Answer 35

``` Larynx Trachea Pharynx Esophagus Glands: Thymus, thyroid, parathyroid ```

Question 36

List the structures bound by carotid sheath?

Answer 36

Carotid sheath = convergence of all 3 layers of deep fascia Common and internal carotid arteries IJV Vagus

Question 37

Content surrounded by Prevertebral and Deep investing layer of deep fascia of neck?

Answer 37

Prevertebral = Cervical spine and muscles Deep = SCM, Trapezius

Question 38

3 parts of the pharynx?

Answer 38

``` Nasopahrynx = behind nasal cavity Oro- = behind oral cavity Laryngo- = behind larynx ```

Question 39

Superior and inferior connection of the Larynx?

Answer 39

``` Superior = Pharynx Inferior = trachea ```

Question 40

Define the superior and inferior attachement of the SCM?

Answer 40

``` Superior = Mastoid process and Occipital bone Inferor = Sternum and clavicle ```

Question 41

Define the attachment of the Trapezius in the neck?

Answer 41

Axial = skull, nuchal ligament, thoracic vertebrae (supraspinous and spinous processes) Shoulder girdle = Lateral 1/3 clavicle, acromion, scapular

Question 42

Define the Apex, Base, Floor and Roof of the Posterior triangle of neck?

Answer 42

``` Apex = back of skull Base = Middle clavicle Floor = Flexor and extensor muscles of cervical spine (covered by prevertebral fascia) Roof = Deep investing layer of cervical fascia ```

Question 43

List the contents of the posterior triangle of neck?

Answer 43

BALOOE ``` Brachial plexus Accessory nerve (CN11) LN Omohyoid muscle Occipital, Subclavian, Suprascapular and Dorsal Scapular arteries External Jugular vein ```

Question 44

Content of Anterior triangle of neck?

Answer 44

Trachea, Esophagus Infrahyoid muscles: Sternohyoid, Omohyoid, Thyrohyoid, Sternothyroid Thyroid + Parathyroid gland

Question 45

List the 4 smaller triangles divided from the anterior triangle? Define borders.

Answer 45

Submandibular triangle = Inferior border of mandible, Anterior and posterior belly of diagastric Submental triangle = Midline, Anterior belly of diagastric, Hyoid bone Carotid triangle = Upper omohyoid, Stylohyoid, Posterior belly of diagastric, SCM Muscular triangle = Midline, hyoid, upper omohyoid, SCM

Question 46

Which subdivision of anterior triangle of neck contains Carotid arteries, IJV, CN10,11,12, Deep cervical LN?

Answer 46

Carotid triangle

Question 47

Content of Muscular triangle of neck?

Answer 47

Thyroid gland Larynx Trachea Esophagus

Question 48

Content of submandibular triangle of neck?

Answer 48

``` Submandibular gland Facial A/V CN12 Ext. and Int. Jugular vein CN10 Deep cervical and submandibular LN ```

Question 49

Content of submental triangle of neck?

Answer 49

Submental LN, Anterior Jugular vein