HNNS Anatomy- Structure and Functions of Head and Neck Flashcards
2 main parts of the skull?
1) Cranium: Calvaria and upper half of face
2) Mandible
Number of facial bones?
6 paired: Lacrimal Zygomatic Nasal Maxilla Inferior nasal concha Palatine
2 unpaired
Mandible
Vomer
List the sutures that join the skull bones superiorly?
Coronal sutures join frontal and parietal bones
Saggital suture join 2 parietal bones
Lamdoid suture join parietal bones with occipital bone
Define the location of Bregma and Lambda?
Bregma/ Anterior fontanelle = point where coronal suture meets sagittal suture
Lambda/ Posterior fontanelle = point where Lamdoid suture meets saggital suture
Define the thinnest part of the cranium and clinical significance?
Pterion
Overlie anterior division of the Middle meningeal A/V
Blow out = serious bleeding
List the bones that form the orbit?
Frontal, zygomatic, maxillary, ethmoid, Greater wing of sphenoid and Lacrimal bones
Define the location of the infraorbital foramen and what passes through it?
At floor of orbit Infraorbital nerve (V2) passes through
Define the opening that allows for passage of the Mental nerve (v3)
Pair of lateral openings at anterior mandible = Mental foramen
Define the location and content of the mandibular foramen?
Medial ramus
Inferior alveolar nerve, artery and vein
Define the opening for passage of CN I, II, III, IV?
I = Anterior cranial fossa, Cribiform plate of ethmoid bone
II = Middle cranial fossa, Optic canal in the lesser wing of sphenoid
III = Superior orbital fissure
IV = Superior orbital fissure
Content of the superior orbital fissure?
- Superior ophthalmic vein + br. of Inferior Opthalmic vein
- Superior + Inferior division of Oculomotor nerve (CN III)
- Trochlear nerve (CN IV)
- Nasociliary, Lacrimal and Frontal nerves (V1)
- Abducens nerve (CN VI)
Define the openings for passage of the 3 divisions of CN V?
V1 = Superior orbital fissure V2 = Foramen rotundum V3 = Foramen ovale
Define the opening for passage of CN VII, VIII, IX, X, XI, XII?
Internal acoustic meatus = CN 7,8
Jugul ar foramen = CN 9,10,11
Hypoglossal canal = CN 12
What cavities does foramen rotundum connect?
middle cranial fossa and the pterygopalatine fossa
Content of Foramen Ovale?
O = Otic ganglion V = V3 A = Accessory Meningeal artery L = Lesser petrosal nerve E = Emissary veins
Content of Foramen Spinosum?
Foramen spinosum:
Middle meningeal artery
Middle meningeal vein
Meningeal branch of CN V3
Content of foramen magnum?
Vertebral arteries Medulla and meninges CN XI (spinal division) Dural veins Anterior and posterior spinal arteries
Content of jugular foramen?
Glossopharyngeal nerve (CN IX) Vagus nerve (CN X) Accessory nerve (CN XI) Jugular bulb Inferior petrosal and sigmoid sinuses
Describe the structure of the TMJ?
Head of mandible/ Condyloid process articulate with the temporal bone at Mandibular fossa
Synovial joint, separated by fibrocartilaginous discs into upper and lower cavities
List the division of the neck fasciae?
Superficial fascia = Subcutaneous fat below skin + Nerves, veins, Platysma muscle
Deep fascia = 3 layers converge at carotid sheath
- Investing, Pretracheal, Prevertebral layers
Content of carotid sheath
Vagus nerve, common carotid artery, Internal jugular vein
Define the borders of 2 triangles of the neck?
2 triangles divided by SCM (from mastoid process to sternum/ clavicle)
Anterior triangle = Midline, anterior border of SCM
Posterior = SCM and trapezius
Innervation fo the strap muscles?
Ansa Cervicalis (C1-C3), part of the cervical plexus
List the 4 processes of the Maxilla?
Frontal process = medial border or orbit
Zygomatic = part of zygomatic arch
Alveolar = teeth
Palatine = part of hard palate
Which bones form the zygomatic arch?
Maxilla (zygomatic process)
Zygomatic bone
Temporal bone (zygomatic process)
Define the borders of the Pterygopalatine fossa+ content?
Pterygomaxillary fissures: Between Maxilla (anterior border) and Lateral pterygoid plate (posterior border)
Contains Sphenopalatine foramen (sphenopalatine artery (Maxillary a. br.) to Nasal cavity) + Pterygopalatine ganglion
Content of the supraorbital notch?
Supraorbital VAN and Supratrochlear VAN
Define the content of Stylomastoid foramen, Carotid foramen, Jugular foramen, Foramen lacerum of the Temporal bone?
Stylomastoid = Facial nerve from middle ear
Carotid = ICA
Jugular = CN 9,10,11 + IJV
Foramen lacerum = Greater Petrosal Nerve (CN7) + emissary veins from cavernous sinus to pterygoid venous plexus
List the surface markings at the inferior parietal bones?
Granulation foveolae
Grooves for superior saggital fissure and middle meningeal vessels
Define the location of the 3 cranial fossae?
Anterior fossa = Above orbit
Middle = Above zygomatic arch
Posterior = Below superior nuchal line
ROM of TMJ?
Opening and closing jaw
Protuding
Grinding: L/R oblique movement
Describe how dislocation of TMJ occurs?
Condyle of mandible displaced anterior to articular eminence
Muscle spasm prevents return of condyle into glenoid fossa
Compare the functions of the nasal cavities and paranasal sinuses?
Nasal = Olfaction, Moisturising + warming + filtering air
Paranasal = Resonance in voice, reduce weight of skull
Define the superior and inferior border of neck?
Superior = Mandible and Basicranium
Inferior = Sternum, Clavicle, Acromion of scapula , C7 spinous process
List the structures surrounded by the pretracheal layer of deep fascia of neck?
Larynx Trachea Pharynx Esophagus Glands: Thymus, thyroid, parathyroid
List the structures bound by carotid sheath?
Carotid sheath = convergence of all 3 layers of deep fascia
Common and internal carotid arteries
IJV
Vagus
Content surrounded by Prevertebral and Deep investing layer of deep fascia of neck?
Prevertebral = Cervical spine and muscles
Deep = SCM, Trapezius
3 parts of the pharynx?
Nasopahrynx = behind nasal cavity Oro- = behind oral cavity Laryngo- = behind larynx
Superior and inferior connection of the Larynx?
Superior = Pharynx Inferior = trachea
Define the superior and inferior attachement of the SCM?
Superior = Mastoid process and Occipital bone Inferor = Sternum and clavicle
Define the attachment of the Trapezius in the neck?
Axial = skull, nuchal ligament, thoracic vertebrae (supraspinous and spinous processes)
Shoulder girdle = Lateral 1/3 clavicle, acromion, scapular
Define the Apex, Base, Floor and Roof of the Posterior triangle of neck?
Apex = back of skull Base = Middle clavicle Floor = Flexor and extensor muscles of cervical spine (covered by prevertebral fascia) Roof = Deep investing layer of cervical fascia
List the contents of the posterior triangle of neck?
BALOOE
Brachial plexus Accessory nerve (CN11) LN Omohyoid muscle Occipital, Subclavian, Suprascapular and Dorsal Scapular arteries External Jugular vein
Content of Anterior triangle of neck?
Trachea, Esophagus
Infrahyoid muscles: Sternohyoid, Omohyoid, Thyrohyoid, Sternothyroid
Thyroid + Parathyroid gland
List the 4 smaller triangles divided from the anterior triangle? Define borders.
Submandibular triangle = Inferior border of mandible, Anterior and posterior belly of diagastric
Submental triangle = Midline, Anterior belly of diagastric, Hyoid bone
Carotid triangle = Upper omohyoid, Stylohyoid, Posterior belly of diagastric, SCM
Muscular triangle = Midline, hyoid, upper omohyoid, SCM
Which subdivision of anterior triangle of neck contains Carotid arteries, IJV, CN10,11,12, Deep cervical LN?
Carotid triangle
Content of Muscular triangle of neck?
Thyroid gland
Larynx
Trachea
Esophagus
Content of submandibular triangle of neck?
Submandibular gland Facial A/V CN12 Ext. and Int. Jugular vein CN10 Deep cervical and submandibular LN
Content of submental triangle of neck?
Submental LN, Anterior Jugular vein
