L1 Models of health and health influencing factors Flashcards
Define the Biomedical Model
Health is the absence of disease
What are the pros of the biomedical model?
Easy to measure as its easy to define who is diseased/ who is not diseased
What are the cons of the biomedical model?
Does not focus on psychological well being, only on pathological well being
Does not take into account risks, is a person that drinks heavily considered healthy until they obtain the disease?
Does not take into account daily activities/roles, is a person with a broken arm considered healthy? They are not diseased
E.g. Patient goes to the dentist and is diagnose with gingivitis, the patient is considered unhealthy
Define the WHO Model
Health is the complete state of physical, mental and social well being
What are the pros of the WHO Model?
Holistic approach – takes into account many factors
Allows for patients to set a goal to achieve ‘the best’ health status
What are the cons of the WHO Model?
Not easy to achieve perfect health
Hard to measure
Almost everyone would be considered unhealthy
Physical ability is varied over different people, different people of the same age may be able to achieve different things (e.g. one can climb a mountain, one can swim very fast)
Define the Sociological model
The state of optimum capacity of an individual based upon the effective performance of role function, this is normative, that is to say health is relative to the individual’s typical ability of the same age/gender
What are the pros of the Sociological model?
Takes into account different roles/jobs within society
What are the cons of the Sociological model?
Person may be physically (obese) or mentally challenged but still be able to fulfil their role in society ( go to work and provide for family)
E.g. I may be ill, but can still go to lectures to learn information, so I am healthy
Define the Biopsychosocial model
Interaction between biological, psychological and social aspects of someone’s life, which contributes to overall health
What are the pros of the Biopsychosocial model?
Encompasses all key areas of models
Understands that heath is obtained from a variety of factors
Allows for an individual to take control of their own health
What are the cons of the Biopsychosocial model?
Hard to measure
The people around you affect your health
Define the term Illness
A subjective state felt by an individual, a feeling of ill being
Define the term Ill health
When an individual feels ill, which is later confirmed as a disease
Define the term Disease
A pathological condition that is identifiable by its signs and symptoms by medical practitioner
Define the term Sickness
A social state that arises from either being diseased or feeling ill
Define the term Oral health
‘A standard of the oral tissue which enables an individual to, eat speak, socialise without active disease or discomfort or embarrassment, which contributes to overall general well being’
Defined by ‘An oral health strategy for England’ published in 1994 by the department of health
Describe the methods of measuring health
Disease specifying – medical practitioners diagnosing a disease
Health orientated – observing a disease and seeing if it affects people’s role/ function in society
Health/oral health related QOL- Looking at an overview of someone’s life, and its relation to their health, so they perceive themselves as healthy?
What are the health influencing factors?
FLEAS Fixed Lifestyle Environment Access Social
How do lifestyle factors impact health?
Smoking cigarettes – increase risk of lung cancer
Drinking alcohol – increase risk of liver damage
Eating lots of fatty foods – increase risk of heart attack
Sexual behaviour - STDs
How do environmental factors impact health?
Pollution – asthma
Housing – may have knock on effects on psychotically well being
Crime
Air quality
How do access factors impact health?
Transport links – may not be able to access practice
Disabilities – cannot understand medical practitioner
How do social factors impact health?
Psychological
Cultural
Economic
What factors lead to health inequalities?
Age - elderly more susceptible to caries (decrease salivary flow rate)
Race - oral health may not be seen as important in some ethnic groups
Social class - economic gap between rich/poor , high income population (teak children)
Location - access to health care services + water fluoridation
Culture - similar story to race
Explain the common risk factor approach
Idea that targeting a specific risk factor can decrease the risk of obtaining several diseases associated with that risk factor for example stopping smoking can improve cancers, heart disease, respiratory disease as well as periodontal disease
WHO Ottawa Charter for OHP
Process of enabling people to increase control and improve their health
