L1 - Flirting & Ethics Flashcards
What is Qualitative Research?
- An event within a natural setting, can be best understood in a context e.g talking about school by inviting people to uni
- Moves from descriptives to why
- Understanding belief systems, perspectives, experiences
- Methods generate words as the data to be analysed into themes
- Individual interaction
- Subjective knowledge
- Language and communication
Is Qual Res scientific?
- Context: methods are context bound
- Credibility: drawing themes, should declare that researcher has experience with the interviews etc. They keep diaries etc so the quotes they take make sense to others who don’t share the experience
- Triangulation: Return to data again, having multiple sets of data to draw connections, guards researcher of bias or singular methods.
- Standards for measuring quantitative methods are not appropriate for this e.g validity/reliability
What are some of the options to get people’s opinions?
- Interviews: Interviewees have experience but is 1 on 1 so they can share their experience without other factors interrupting. Used for sensitivity
- Focus groups can have facilitation effects, but they must feel comfortable. It can lead to discovery.
- Questions must be broad and open ended, enabling more sharing.
- Semi-structured interview, may not lead in direction expected.
- Mosaic approach: getting data in multiple ways and combining it, perhaps in creative way e.g photos or drawings, allows a glimpse of their perspectives, the creative situation creates meaning and can act as stimuli in an interview.
When to use Qual methods?
- People’s experiences of health needs and care
- Understanding different perspectives
- How experiences, attitudes and life circumstances affect health needs and behaviours
- Little is known
- Help make hypotheses that can be tested quantitatively
Benefit of Qual Res
Good starting point for new strands of psych
What are the ethical issues?
- Confidentiality
- Autonomy: respect rights of individual
- Beneficience: doing good
- Non-Maleficience: not doing harm
- Justice & Equity: hearing all voices
- Informed consent
How to Identify the right research question?
- ‘What’
- Literature search & is this a problem that research can address
- Perspectives, Phenomenon, Observe a Process
Types of sampling
- Purposive: select ppt because they are likely to generate useful data. (Will have exp)
- Snowball: old recruits find new recruits
- Deviant Case
- Convenience Sampling
- Stratified Purposeful: look at phenomena but look at different perspectives e.g young carers, look at young carer, older carer or cared for person
What are common criticisms of qualitative research?
• Samples are small and not always representative, issues with generalisability
• Findings lack rigour
• Hard to tell how biased findings are by researcher
What is a case study for why qualitative methods are good?
• Cataract study: why the elderly opted out of the surgery
• Found that they were either scared of it and its consequences or they did not view it as a disability.
How to develop qualitative research designs?
- Question: What?
- Research protocol: map of research
- Sampling
What are questions you need to ask before you develop research?
- Has the research already been done?
- Is this a problem that research can address?
- Is the qualitative approach appropriate?
What things are included in the research protocol?
• Aims/Objectives: What of the study
• Background: Why
• Methods: How
• Ethics
• Resources: costs and other things
• Time scale
• Dissemination/output: who do you target
Why do people use purposive samples?
• Likely to generate useful data
• Ensures that the sample is credible and covers the main groups you are interested in
• E.g maximum variation sample to create a sampling grid and recruit groups that reflect combinations of variables
Define saturation:
• Keep interviewing until in analysis nothing new comes from data
