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Anatomy > L1 ANATOMICAL TERMS & POSITIONS > Flashcards

L1 ANATOMICAL TERMS & POSITIONS Flashcards

1
Q

What is anatomy?

A

Study of the structure of body parts and their relationships to one another

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2
Q

What are the two main approaches to study anatomy?

A
  1. Regional or topographical anatomy.

2. Systematic anatomy

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3
Q

What is regional anatomy?

A

Study one region of the body at a time and learn
everything about the region

Study of the structures such as bones, joints, muscles, blood vessels, nerves and organs and their relationship to each other in one region of the body

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4
Q

What are the five divisions of the body?

A

Head, Neck, Trunk (thorax & abdomen), upper limbs and lower limbs

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5
Q

What is systemic anatomy?

A

Study of one body systems at a time.

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6
Q

What constitutes systemic anatomy?

A

Human body systems or organ systems.

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7
Q

What are the 11 body systems?

A

Cardio-vascular system, Digestive system, Endocrine system, Integumentary system, Lymphatic System, Muscular system, Nervous system, Reproductive System, Respiratory system, Skeletal system, Urinary system

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8
Q

What are cells?

A

Smallest unit of life

e.g. muscle cells

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9
Q

What are tissues?

A

Group of similar cells performing a common function

e.g. - muscle tissue: muscle cells

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10
Q

What are organs?

A

A group of different kinds of tissues working together to perform a particular activity

e.g. heart is an organ composed of muscle, nervous, connective and epithelial tissues

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11
Q

What are organ systems?

A

Two or more organs working together to accomplish a particular task e.g. digestive system

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12
Q

What does the cardiovascular system include?

3

A

Heart, blood and blood vessels (arteries and veins)

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13
Q

Functions of Cardiovascular system?

A

Concerned with pumping and channeling blood to
and from the body and lungs

To transport nutrients, gases (such as oxygen and
CO2), hormones and wastes through the body

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14
Q

What does the Digestive system include?

9

A

Includes mouth (oral cavity), salivary glands, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small and large intestines, liver, gallbladder, pancreas

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15
Q

Functions of Digestive System?

A

Digestion and processing of food.

Breakdown and absorb nutrients necessary for growth and maintenance

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16
Q

What does Urinary system include?

4

A

kidneys, ureters, urinarybladder and urethra

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17
Q

Functions of Urinary system?

A

Filter out cellular wastes, toxins and excess water or
nutrients from the circulatory system.

Involved in fluid balance, electrolyte balance and
excretion of urine.

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18
Q

What does the Respiratory system include?

7

A

nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs and diaphragm

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19
Q

Functions of the Respiratory system?

A

To provide gas exchange between the blood and the

environment

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20
Q

What does the Endocrine System include?

8

A

Pituitary gland, pineal gland,
thyroid gland, parathyroid glands, adrenal glands,
pancreas, testis, ovary

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21
Q

Functions of the Endocrine system?

A

Glands produce regulatory substances called hormones which control the metabolic activities of the body.

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22
Q

What does the reproductive system include? (10)

A
  • Ovaries, fallopian tubes (uterine tubes), uterus, vagina, mammary glands in females
  • Testes, vas deferens, seminal vesicles, prostate and penis in males
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23
Q

Functions of the Reproductive system?

A

Organs which work together for the purpose of reproduction

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24
Q

What are the parts of the Nervous system ?

A
  1. Central Nervous System

2. Peripheral nervous system

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25
Q

What does the peripheral nervous system consist of?

A

12 pairs of cranial nerves

31 pairs of spinal nerves

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26
Q

What does the central nervous system consist of?

A
  1. brain

2. spinal cord

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27
Q

What are the functions of the nervous system?

A

Relay electrical signals(impulses) through the body

Directs behaviour and movement

Collecting, transferring and processing information

Controls physiological processes such as digestion, circulation etc

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28
Q

What does the skeletal system consist of? (4)

A

bones, cartilage, ligaments and tendons

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29
Q

What is the function of the Skeletal system?

4

A

Provides support, shape for the body to protect delicate internal organs.

Forms joints for movements

Produces blood cells in the bone marrow, stores salts like calcium

Gives attachment to muscles

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30
Q

What does the muscular system consist of?

A

muscles

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31
Q

What are the functions of the muscular system? (3)

A

Provide movement

Contract to move limbs and provide the organism with mobility

Control the movement of materials through some organs e.g stomach and intestine, heart and circulatory system.

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32
Q

What does the integumentary system consist of?

A

skin, hair, nails, sweat and sebaceous glands

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33
Q

What are the functions of the integumentary system?

A

Protects the body from the outside world and its many harmful substances

Regulate body temperature

Serves as a minor excretory organ

Makes the inner body aware of its outer environment through sensory receptors

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34
Q

What does the Lymphatic system consist of?

A

A series of vessels and nodes

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35
Q

What are the functions of the Lymphatic system?

A

Collect and filter excess tissue fluid (lymph) before returning it to the venous circulation

Part of body’s immune defense

Structures involved in transfer of lymph between tissues and blood stream

Help to filter harmful substances from the bloodstream

Destroy and remove invading microbes and viruses from the body

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36
Q

What are the six subdivisions of anatomy?

A
  1. Gross anatomy
  2. Microscopic anatomy
  3. Developmental antomy (embryology)
  4. Surface anatomy
  5. Radiographic anatomy
  6. Clinical (applied) anatomy
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37
Q

What is gross anatomy?

A

Study of structures that can be seen with the eye (muscles, bones, organs)

38
Q

What is microscopic anatomy?

A

Study of structures that cannot be seen with the eye

Microscope needed

Learn about the structure of cells and how they relate to each other

39
Q

What is developmental anatomy?

A

Study of development of an embryo from the single cell to complete human being

40
Q

What is surface anatomy?

A

Study of the external features of the body

Deals with anatomical features that can be studied by sight, without dissection.

41
Q

What is radiographic anatomy?

A

Study of internal structures through radiographic films – xray,CT scan, MRI

42
Q

What is clinical applied anatomy?

A

Practical application of anatomical knowledge to clinical practice (diagnosis and treatment)

43
Q

What is anatomical position?

A

Position in which we study the body

44
Q

What is cytology?

A

study of cells

45
Q

What is histology?

A

study of tissues

46
Q

Describe the position of someone standing upright.

A

Head, eyes and toes
directed forward:

– Upper limbs adjacent to the sides with palms facing forward and thumbs pointing away from the
body

– Lower limbs close together with the feet parallel

47
Q

Supine position?

A

lying on the back, with the face upward

48
Q

Prone position?

A

lying flat on your stomach

49
Q

Lithotomy position?

A

lying on your back with your legs flexed 90 degrees at your hips

50
Q

What is a plane?

A

Plane is an imaginary flat surface that passes through the body.

51
Q

What is sagittal plane?

A

Divides the body or an organ into right and left

parts.

52
Q

What is Median or midsagittal plane?

A

Divides the body into 2 equal portions

53
Q

What is Parasagittal plane?

A

Divides the body into 2 unequal portions

54
Q

What is Coronal or frontal plane?

A

Divides the body or an organ into front and back portions

55
Q

What is Transverse

(horizontal) plane?

A

Divides the body or an organ into upper and lower portions

56
Q

What is oblique plane?

A

Combination of other planes

57
Q

What does superior (cranial) mean?

Example?

A

Above: Toward the head or upper part of a structure

Nose lies superior to mouth

58
Q

What does inferior (caudal) mean?

Example?

A

Below: Away from the head or toward the lower part of a structure.
Stomach lies inferior to heart

59
Q

What does anterior (ventral) mean?

Example?

A

In front: Toward or at the front

Sternum is anterior to heart

60
Q

What does posterior (dorsal) mean?

Example?

A

Toward or at the back

Brain is posterior to forehead

61
Q

What does medial mean?

Example?

A

Toward the midline of the body

Eye lies medial to the ear

62
Q

What does lateral mean?

Example?

A

Away from the midline of the body

Ear lies lateral to the eye

63
Q

What does proximal mean?

A

Closer to the origin of the body part or the point of attachment of a limb to
the body trunk

Knee is proximal to ankle

64
Q

What does distal mean?

A

Away from the origin of a body part
or the point of attachment of a limb to the
body trunk

Wrist lies distal to elbow

65
Q

What does superficial (external) mean?

A

Toward body surface

skin is superficial to the muscles.

66
Q

What does deep (internal) mean?

A

Away from the body surface, more internal

teeth lie deep to lips

67
Q

What does Ipsilateral mean?

A

On the same side

Right hand and foot are ipsilateral

68
Q

What does contralateral mean?

A

Opposite sides

Right hand and left foot are contralateral.

69
Q

What does Flexion mean?

A

Movement by which angle of joint is decreased.

70
Q

What does Extension mean?

A

Movement by which angle of joint is increased.

71
Q

What does lateral flexion mean?

A

Movement of trunk in coronal plane

72
Q

What does adduction mean?

A

Movement toward the midline of the body (central axis)

73
Q

What does abduction mean?

A

Movement away

from the midline of the body (central axis)

74
Q

What does medial rotation mean?

A

Rotation towards the medial side of the body

75
Q

What does lateral rotation mean?

A

Rotation towards the lateral side of the body.

76
Q

What does circumduction mean?

A

Combination of flexion, extension, abduction and adduction movements

77
Q

What does pronation mean?

A

movement of forearm,

where the palm is turned downwards

78
Q

What does supination mean?

A

movement of forearm,

where the palm is turned upwards

79
Q

What does inversion mean?

A

movement of foot, where
the sole of the foot is directed
medially

80
Q

What eversion mean?

A

movement of foot, where
the sole of the foot is directed
laterally

81
Q

What does protraction mean?

A

to move forward

82
Q

What does retraction mean?

A

To move backward

83
Q

What does elevation mean?

A

To move a part superiorly

84
Q

What does depression mean?

A

To move a part inferiorly

85
Q

What are the 5 body cavities?

A

Cranial cavity
Vertebral cavity
Thoracic cavity
Abdominopelvic cavity: Abdominal and Pelvic cavity

86
Q

Describe the cranial cavity.

A

Situated in the skull.
Major contents: Brain, meninges
(coverings), cerebro-spinal fluid

87
Q

Describe Vertebral cavity.

A

Situated in the vertebral column
Major contents: Spinal cord,
meninges (coverings), cerebrospinal fluid

88
Q

Describe Thoracic cavity.

A

Situated in the thorax

Major contents: heart, lungs

89
Q

Describe Abdominopelvic cavity.

A

Situated in the abdomen

Has 2 parts- abdominal cavity and pelvic cavity

90
Q

Describe abdominal cavity.

A

Major contents: stomach, small intestine, most of the large
intestine, liver, pancreas, spleen, suprarenal (adrenal)
glands, kidneys, parts of ureters, large vessels such as
abdominal aorta, inferior vena cava and portal vein

91
Q

Describe pelvic cavity.

A

Situated in pelvis.
Lower part of abdominopelvic cavity.
Major contents: parts of large intestine, urinary
bladder, ureters, urethra, male and female
reproductive organ

Anatomy (9 decks)

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