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anatomy > CONNECTIVE TISSUE > Flashcards

CONNECTIVE TISSUE Flashcards

1
Q

What does connective tissue do?

A

connects various issues of the body and gives them support

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2
Q

Where does connective tissue develop from?

A

mesoderm and mesenchyme

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3
Q

What does connective tissue contain?

A

cells, fibers, ground substance

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4
Q

What are the cells that makeup the connective tissue?

A

fibroblast, adipose, macrophages, mast, undifferentiated mesenchyme, plasma, blood, pigment

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5
Q

Describe the fibroblast cells?

What is their role?

A

spindle shaped, round nucleus, basophilic cytoplasm

also called fibrocytes in resting stage

production and maintenance of fibres and ground substances

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6
Q

Describe adipose cells?

What is their role?

A

large lipid vacuole, thin cytoplasm, flat & periphery nucleus

cells singly or in groups

specialized for synthesis and storage of fats

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7
Q

Describe macrophages.

What is their role?

A

Fusiform, stellate or spheroidal in shape

phagocytotic in nature

cytoplasm contains granules and vacuoles

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8
Q

Describe Plasma cells.

What is their role?

A

cart wheel shaped nucleus

found: lamina propia in digestive and respiratory tract
lymphoid tissue

function: manufacture of antibodies, provides resistance to the body

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9
Q

Describe Mast cells.

What is their role?

A

connective tissue & along blood vessels

secretes histamine and serotonin

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10
Q

Describe undifferentiated mesenchymal cells

A

along blood vessels

precursor of all types of cells

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11
Q

Describe pigment cells.

A

melanocytes

epidermis of skin

protect skin from harmful effects of sun’s rays

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12
Q

Describe blood cells

A

lymphocytes and neurophils

migrated from blood stream

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13
Q

What are the three types of fibres?

A

Collagen, elastic, recticular

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14
Q

Where are collagen fibres found?

A

All types of connective tissue

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15
Q

What is one property of collagen fibres?

A

inelastic and great tensile strength

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16
Q

Describe the structure of collagen fbres?

A

made up of collagen

individual fibres are unbranched

fibres run in bundles, split into branches

each fiber contains fine subunits: tropocollagen

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17
Q

What are collagen fibres synthesized by?

A

fibroblast

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18
Q

What is used in the staining of collagen fibres and what colour are they stained?

A

fresh fibres- colourless

hematoxylin and eosin- pink stain

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19
Q

What are collagen fibres treated with and what is the result?

A

dilute acetic acid

swollen = gelatin

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20
Q

Type I collagen fibres?

A

thickest fibers, seen in bones, tendons, dermis of skin

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21
Q

Type II collagen fibres?

A

found in the cartilages, vitreous body of eye

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22
Q

Type III collagen fibres?

A

seen in spleen, lymph nodes, bone marrow, also called reticular fibers

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23
Q

Type IV collagen fibres?

A

seen the basement membrane

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24
Q

Type V collagen fibres?

A

fetal tissues, blood vessels

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25
Q

What is one property of elastin fibers?

A

Highly elastic, can stretch to up to 150% of their resting length

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26
Q

Where are elastin fibers found?

A

ligamentum nuchae, ligamentum flavum

walls of large arteries

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27
Q

What are elastin fibers synthesized by?

A

fibroblasts

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28
Q

Describe the structure of elastin fibers

A

contain protein elastin

can run individually, branched, anastome with each other

yellowish in groups

if broken ends will retract or recoil

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29
Q

What is used in the staining of elastin fibres and what colour are they stained?

A

hematoxylin and eosin- purple stain

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30
Q

What are collagen fibres treated with and what is the result?

A

boiled and treated with acetic acid however no change

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31
Q

What are reticular fibres and where are they found?

A

Type III collagen fibres

Found in spleen, liver, lymph nodes, bone marrow, thymus, endocrine glands

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32
Q

Describe the structure of reticular fibers.

A

Fine branching fibres form network- reticulum

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33
Q

What is used in the staining of recticular fibres and what colour are they stained?

A

silver staining methods

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34
Q

What is ground substance?

A

semisolid gel aka intercellular space

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35
Q

Describe the structure of ground substance.

A

cells and fibers embedded in it

consists of water, carbohydrates (mucopolysaccharides), proteins (glycoproteins)

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36
Q

What re the classifications of connective tissue?

A

Loose connective tissue

Dense connective tissue

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37
Q

What are the types of loose connective tissue?

A

areolar, adipose, myxomatous, reticular

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38
Q

What is areolar tissue?

A

contains bundles of collagen fibres and scattered individual elastic fibers

fibroblast cells are the most cells present

e.g. superficial fascia

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39
Q

What is adipose tissue?

A

cells with thin cytoplasm and peripheral nucleus

e.g mesentery

40
Q

How does adipose tissue appear when stained?

A

Stained with hematoxylin and eosin fat cells appear empty as fat in lipid vacuole is dissolved during staining

41
Q

What is myxomatous tissue?

A

fetal or embryonic type of tissue

contains ground substance, mucosubstances

fine meshwork of collagen fibres with fibroblasts

e.g. umbilical cord, virteous body of eyebal

42
Q

What is reticular tissue?

A

type III collage tissue

network of reticular fibres

e.g spleen, liver, lymph node, thymus

43
Q

What are the two types of dense connective tissue?

A
  1. regular dense

2. specialized dense

44
Q

What is regular dense connective tissue?

A

tendons of muscles

collagen fibres arranged regularly in bundles of fibroblast cells

45
Q

What is specialized dense connective tissue?

A

e.g. bones and cartilages

46
Q

What are the functions of connective tissue?

A
  1. structural support
  2. compartmentalization
  3. defense and protection
  4. site for storage of fat
47
Q

What is cartilage?

A

Specialized type of connective tissue

forms skeletal basis of auricle of ear & outer part of nose

can be bent, returns to original form when forced is removed

48
Q

Composition of cartilage?

A

extracellular matrix & cells

matrix: ground substance + fibres

covered by perichondrium: 2 layers:

  1. outer fibrous layer (collagen)
  2. inner cellular layer (chondroblast)
49
Q

What are the cells of the cartilage?

A

chondrocytes found in lacunae

young cells: chondroblast found in perichondrium

50
Q

What is the ground substance?

A

semisolid gel containing polysaccharides and proteins

51
Q

What are the classifications of cartilage?

A

Hyaline, Elastic, Fibrocartilage

52
Q

What does the hyaline cartilage contain?

Examples?

A

cartilage cells, matrix, perichondrium

e.g trachea, thyroid and costal cartilage

53
Q

What is the function of chondrocytes? How are they found?

A

located in spaces called lacunae
found in groups of 2-8 cells
produce matrix

54
Q

What does the matrix contain?

A

collagen fibres and ground substance

collagen fibres not seen distinctly

55
Q

What are the two matrices?

A
  1. Territorial matrix- around condrocytes, stains dark

2. Interteritorial matrix- everything else, stains light

56
Q

What is elastic cartilage?

Example?

A

has elasticity and comes back to its natural state after being stretched

e.g auricle of ear

57
Q

What does elastic tissue contain?

A

perichondrium

chondrocytes: singly or in small groups

matrix with branching elastic fibres

58
Q

What does fibrocartilage contain?

Example?

A

no perichondrium

chondrocytes: singly arranged in rows

matrix with bundles of collagen fibres

e.g invertebral disc

59
Q

Characteristics of Bones

A
  1. hard form of connective tissue
  2. highly vascular
  3. regenerative
  4. contains calcium phosphate in matrix
60
Q

What are the functions of bones?

A
  1. structural support
  2. shape
  3. attachment of muscles
  4. levers for joints: locomotion
  5. protection of vital organs
  6. transmission if body weight
  7. erythropoiesis
61
Q

What are the four classifications of bones?

A
  1. Position
  2. Shape, size & consistency
  3. Development
  4. Structure
62
Q

How are bones classified according to position?

A
  1. Axial: forming axis e.g. vertebrae

2. Appendicular: bones of limb e.g. femur

63
Q

How are bones classified according to shape, size and consistency?

A
  1. Long bones- 3 parts e.g femur
  2. Short bones- small and cubodial e.g. carpals
  3. Flat bones- expanded and flat e.g sternum
  4. Irregular bones- irregular shape no proper outline e.g vertebrae
  5. Pneumatic bones- hollow air spaces (sinus) e.g. maxilla
  6. Sesamoid bones- develop within tendon where it crosses the end of long bones e.g. patella
64
Q

How are bones classified according to development?

A
  1. Membranous: developed from membrane formed by mesenchymal tissue e.g. clavicle, most bones of skull
  2. Cartilaginous: mesenchymal tissue transformed into cartilage which transforms into a bone e.g femur
65
Q

How are bones arranged according to structure?

A
  1. Compact bones (lamellar): bony plates arranged compactly e.g shaft of long bones
  2. Spongy bones (cancellous): bony plates arranged irregularly e.g ends of long and flat bones.
66
Q

What are the four parts of a developing bone?

A
  1. Epiphysis- end of bone develops from primary ossification centre
  2. Physis- cartilage separates epiphysis from diaphysis
  3. Metaphysis- region of active growth, forms part of the diaphysis and is adjacent to physis
  4. Diaphysis- develops from secondary ossification centre, form shaft
67
Q

What are the two types of ossification?

A
  1. Membranous ossification formed directly from mesenchyme tissue e.g clavicle, bones of skull
  2. Cartilaginous ossification: mesenchyme transforms into cartilage first then bone e.g femur
68
Q

What is ossification of bones?

A

Process of bone formation

Formed from mesenchyme of embryo

69
Q

What is involved in the ossification of a long bone?

A

Begins in one or more areas of future long bone model

areas are called center of ossification

70
Q

Primary centre of ossification?

A

diaphysis develops here and later goes on to become shaft
main part of bone
appears before birth

71
Q

Secondary centre of ossification?

A

epiphysis develops from this centre

appears at ends of bone after birth

72
Q

Describe the structure of the bone.

A

Periosteum
Outer part: Compact bone
Inner part: Spongy bone
Medullary cavity

73
Q

Describe the periosteum

A

Double layered membrane covering the surface of the bone
richly supplied with blood vessels, nerves, lymphatic vessels
outer fibrous layer: collagen fibres
inner cellular layer: osteoblasts & osteoprogenitor

74
Q

Describe the endosteum

A

membrane lines internal surface of bones

made up a layer of flat cells

75
Q

What are the two components of bone

A
  1. Bone matrix

2. Bone cells

76
Q

What does the bone matrix consist of?

A
  1. organic matter

2. inorganic matter

77
Q

What does organic matter consist of?

A

collagen fibres produced by osteoblast

78
Q

What does inorganic matter consist of?

A

formed by crystals of calcium phosphate (hydroxypatite)

contains small amounts of Magnesium, flourine and sodium

79
Q

What contributes to the hardness of bones?

A

Association of hydroxypatite crystals and collagen fibres

80
Q

What are the types of bone cells?

A
  1. Osteoblast
  2. Osteocytes
  3. Osteoclasts
81
Q

What are osteoblast cells?

A

Responsible for the synthesis of organic compounds of bone matrix

bone forming cells located on surface of bone and endosteum

82
Q

What are osteocytes?

A

Maintain osteoblast cells occupy lacunae in matrix

Maintain bone tissue, provide some nutrition

canaliculi

83
Q

What are osteoclasts?

A

large, multinucleated bone removing cells

situated in endosteum

stick to surface of bone and breakdown bone matrix

formed from blood monocytes derived from hemopoietic cells in bone marrow

84
Q

What is the structure of compact bone?

A

lamella: plates of bone tissue (three types)
lacunae: spaces between lamella
osteocytes: found in lacunae
canaliculi: extends from lacunae into lamella contains osteocytes processes

85
Q

What are the three types of lamella?

A
  1. concentric 2.interstitial 3.outer and inner circumferential
86
Q

What is concentric lamella?

A

Concentric plates of bony tissue around Haversian canal

87
Q

Describe the Haversian system (osteon)

A

consists of Haversian canal and concentric lamella surrounding it known as osteon

cylindrical structures that run parallel to long axis of bone

osteons separated from each other by interstitial lamella

88
Q

Describe the Haversian canal.

A

run in longitudinal direction

contain blood vessels, lymphatics of bone and nerves

89
Q

What is interstitial lamella?

A

Irregular lamellae situated between concentric lamella

90
Q

What is outer circumferential lamellae?

A

parallel to periosteum

91
Q

What is inner circumferential lamellae?

A

parallel to endosteum

92
Q

Describe the structure of Spongy bone.

A

trabeculae- series of interconnecting plates of bones

bone marrow- spaces between trabeculae

lamellae run parallel to one another

osteocytes sit in lacunae

93
Q

What are the two types of bone marrow?

A
  1. red 2. yellow
94
Q

Describe red bone marrow.

A

At birth: present throughout skeleton

After 5 years: red bone marrow changes to yellow bone marrow in long bone

Red bone marrow actively involved in the production of blood cells

95
Q

Describe yellow bone marrow

A

contains large quantities of fat cells

96
Q

What is bone marrow?

A

Vascular connective tissue located in medullary cavity and spaces of spongy bones

97
Q

Describe the structure of ligaments.

Function?

A

Dense collagenous tissues

covering: epiligament
contain: bundles of collagen fibres that run parallel
matrix: proteoglycans, elastin

fibroblasts

connect bone to bone

anatomy (9 decks)

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