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Anatomy > Female Reproductive Cycle > Flashcards

Female Reproductive Cycle Flashcards

1
Q

What are female reproductive cycles?

A

These are monthly cycles that prepare the reproductive system for pregnancy.

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2
Q

What are two main reproductive cycles?

A
  1. Uterine cycle

2. Menstrual cycle

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3
Q

Describe the ovarian cycle?
What does it involve?
Purpose?

A

Oocyte matures & erupts from ovary (ovulation)

Average cycle is 28 days long
1st 1/2 maturation of oocyte
2nd 1/2 development of corpus luteum

Involves FSH and LH from anterior pituitary.

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4
Q

Describe the uterine cycle
Purpose?
Involves?

A

Cycle alters the endometrium of uterus and prepares uterine mucosa to the fertilized oocyte

Absence of implantation = elimination of uterine mucosa= menstrual bleeding

Involves estrogen and progesterone

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5
Q

What is GnRH ?

A

Gonadotropin-releasing hormone]

from the hypothalamus stimulates the anterior lobe of pituitary gland to
release FSH and LH

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6
Q

What is FSH?

A

Follicle Stimulating hormone]

Stimulates the development of ovarian follicles and the production of estrogen by its follicular cells

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7
Q

What is LH?

A

Luteinizing hormone

Serves as the “trigger” for ovulation (release of secondary oocyte) and stimulates the follicular cells and corpus luteum to
produce progesterone

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8
Q

What is estrogen?

A

Secreted by follicular cells and theca interna

cells, regulate proliferative phase of uterine cycle

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9
Q

What is progesterone?

A

secreted by corpus luteum, regulate secretory phase of uterine cycle

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10
Q

What is the primordial follicle?

A

Primary oocyte + flat follicular cells (cells of connective tissue of stroma of ovary)

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11
Q

What is the primary follicle?

A

Primary oocyte + cubodial follicular cells

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12
Q

What is the zona pellucida?

A

Glycoprotein layer that forms between the primary oocyte and follicular cells

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13
Q

What is membrana granulosa?

A

Thicken layer of cells that surround primary occyte due to multiplying follicular cells

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14
Q

What happens when the stromal cells condense?

A

Two layers are formed.

Theca interna and theca externa?

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15
Q

What is the theca interna?

A

Inner cellular layer

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16
Q

What is theca externa?

A

Outer fibrous layer

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17
Q

What is follicular antrum?

A

Formed from the joining together of the spaces found between follicular cells

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18
Q

What is follicular fluid ?

A

Fluid found in the crescent shaped antrum cavity

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19
Q

What is the Graafian or tertiary follicle?

When is it formed?

A

A mature follicle that’s is 6 to 15mm in size formed from the completion of meiosis 1 by the primary oocyte to give secondary oocyte and 1st polar body

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20
Q

What happens to the Graafian follicle after it is formed?

A

The follicle bursts at day 14 and the secondary oocyte is released into the peritoneal cavity ( ovulation)

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21
Q

What are atretic follicles?

A

These follicles do not complete the maturation process and degenerated via apoptosis

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22
Q

Describe the process of the secondary oocyte undergoing meiosis II.

A

Secondary oocyte begins meiosis II but stops at metaphase II.

Meiosis II is complete if fertilization occurs.

If not it degenerates approx 24 hrs after ovulation

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23
Q

What hormone triggers ovulation? Where is it located?

A

Luteinizing hormone

Anterior pituitary gland

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24
Q

Describe the process of ovulation.

A

Secondary oocyte + cumulus oophorus cells break free of ovary into peritoneal space.

Results from rupturing of follicle due to weakening and degeneration of ovary surface & increase pressure of follicular fluid on surface

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25
Q

What is a stigma? How does it occur?

A

Graafian follicle creates bulge on ovary wall, avascular spot called a stigma occurs at the apex of bulge.

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26
Q

Describe the secondary oocyte at ovulation.

A

Surrounded by zone pellucida and corona radiata

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27
Q

How do you calculate day of ovulation?

A

Duration of menstrual cycle-14 days

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28
Q

How is the corpus luteum formed?

A

Derived from the graaffian follicle after ovulation

When the follicle ruptures, its wall collapses and becomes folded

The follicular cells increase in size, their cytoplasm becomes filled with a yellow pigment called lutein (luteal cells)
Yellow pigment gives yellow color to the entire structure and it is called corpus luteum (yellow body) - which secrets progesterone

Some of the theca interna cells also enlarge and contribute to the corpus luteum

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29
Q

When does the corpus luteum of menstruation degenerate?

A

10 to 12 days after ovulation

30
Q

When does the corpus luteum of pregnancy degenerate?

What role does it serve before degeneration?

A

Degenerates after the 1st 20 weeks of pregnancy, after the placenta is formed.

It’s degeneration is prevented by human chorionic gonadotrophin (hCG).

CL secretes progesterone

31
Q

What happens to the corpus luteum at the end of its life?

A

Degenerates at the end of its life and is called a white body- corpus albicans - fibrous tissue

32
Q

What occurs during the menstrual cycle?

A

Cyclic changes of the endometrium of the uterus under the influence of estrogen (theca interna) and progesterone corpus luteum) as it prepares for a fertilized egg

33
Q

At what age does the menstrual cycle begin and end in women? What is the name specific to each ?

A

Begin: start of puberty menarche

Ends: approximately 45 years menopause

34
Q

What is the range of menstrual cycle ? Average length?

A

23 to 35 days

Average 28days

35
Q

What are the three phases of the menstrual cycle?

A

Menstrual phase
Proliferative ( follicular) phase
Secretory (luteal) phase

36
Q

How long is the menstrual phase ?

What occurs during the menstrual phase?

A

1 to 5 days

1st day of bleeding = 1st day of cycle

Functional (superficial ) layer is shed off

Blood and pieces of endometrium tissue are discharged through the vagina

Endometrium becomes thin (0.5 to 1mm) & only basal layer remains with basal part of uterine glands

37
Q

How long is the proliferative or follicular phase?

When happens during this phase ?

A

6 to 14 days long

Controlled by estrogen

Repair and proliferation of endometrium, arteries, formation of glands and reforming of surface epithelium that covers the endometrium

38
Q

How long is the secretory (luteal) phase?

What happens during the phase?

A

15 to 28 days

Coincides with formation of corpus luteum

Under influence of progesterone

Endometrium becomes thick (5 to 7mm )

Uterine glands: secrete glycogen rich material, widen, tortuous, saccular

Blood vessels : grow towards superficial layer & coiled

39
Q

How is the oocyte transported?

A

Released into peritoneal cavity, stream of peritoneal fluid released from beating fimbria moves oocyte into uterus (ampulla) ciliary movement and muscle contraction moves it along

40
Q

How is sperm transported?

A

Ejaculation into posterior formix of vagina, move using their tails and muscular contractions of uterine tube & uterus (due to prostaglandins in seminal fluid)

41
Q

What are the three stages involved in the 1st week of human development?

A

Fertilization
Cleavage & Blastocyst formation
Implantation

42
Q

What happens during Fertilization?

A

Fusion of male and female pro nucleus= zygote

Occurs in ampulla of uterine tube

Must occur within 24hrs of ovulation most ideally (1st 12hrs)

43
Q

What are the three main phases of fertilization ?

A
  1. Penetration of corona radiata
  2. Binding and penetration of zona pellucida
  3. Fusion of secondary oocyte and spermatozoon
44
Q

What happens during penetration of corona radiata?

A

Hyalurodinase enzyme: acrosome +

Enzymes of uterine tube mucosa disperse the cells of corona radiata

45
Q

What happens during binding and penetration of zona pellucida?

A

Sperm becomes firmly attached

Penetrates via enzymes of acrosome ( esterase, acrosin, neuraminidase)

46
Q

What allows for the zona pellucida and oocyte membrane to become impermeable to other sperm?

A

Cortical reaction:
Release of cortical granules (lysosomal enzymes) from oocyte cytoplasm on contact of sperm with cell membrane of secondary oocyte

47
Q

What happens during the fusion of the secondary oocyte and spermatozoon?

A

Entire sperm, except cell membrane enters cytoplasm of oocyte

Sperm mitochondria and tail degenerates

2nd meiotic division is completed

48
Q

What is the zygote?

A

Structure formed after fertilization contains 46 chromosomes due to the mixing of both male and female gametes (Pronuclei lose their nuclear membrane)

49
Q

What are the results of fertilization ?

A

Diploid chromosome number restored

Sex of fetus determined XX (female) XY (male)

Cleavage begins

50
Q

Describe the cleavage process.

A

Mitotic divisions within cell of zygote resulting in blastomeres

2 cell stage, 4 cell stage, 8 cell stage, 16 cell stage

51
Q

What are blastomeres referred to as to totipotent?

A

Capable of forming a complete embryo up to the 4 to 8 cell stage

52
Q

What is the Morula?

A

12 to 32 stage embryo

formed 3 to 4 days after fertilization

53
Q

Describe the structure of the Morula.

A

Still surrounded by zona pellucida

Inner cell mass: embryo proper

Outer cell mass: placenta

54
Q

What is blastocyst ?

A

Morula is called a blastocyst after day 4 to day 5 when a cavity called a blastocel forms inside the morula

55
Q

What is trophoblast ?

A

Cells of the outer cell mass of blastocyst becomes flattened

56
Q

What is embryoblast?

A

Cells of the inner cell mass attach to one side of inner side of trophoblast

57
Q

What is the embryonic or animal pole?

A

Side of blastocyst to which inner cell mass is attached

58
Q

Abembryonic pole

A

Opposite side to which inner cell mass is attached to trophoblast

59
Q

What occurs on preparing for implantation?

A

Zona pellucida disintegrates

60
Q

What is implantation?

When does it occur?

A

Day 7 : Blastocyst embeds itself into posterosuperior wall of endometrium of uterus

Functional layer ^ during secretory phase

61
Q

What are the two types of abnormal implantation ?

A
  1. Within uterus

2. Outside uterus

62
Q

What does within uterus implantation involve?

A

Within uterus: placenta previa:lower part of uterus

63
Q

What does outside uterus implantation involve?

A

Outside uterus : ectopic pregnancy

  1. tubal
  2. Ovarian
  3. Abdominal
64
Q

Describe possible offspring of older women.

A

High incidence of down syndrome due to prolonged dormancy of primary oocyte

65
Q

Describe the possible offspring of older men.

A

High incidence of retarded bone growth
(Achondroplasia ) & Marfan’s syndrome

Less than 10milliom sperm\ ml semen

66
Q

What are 5 contraceptive methods used?

A
  1. Pill
  2. Depo-Provera
  3. Intrauterine device
  4. Vascetomy & tubal ligation
67
Q

What are barrier techniques?

A

Female and male condom
Cervical cap
Contraceptive sponge

68
Q

What are the two types of contraceptive pills ? How do they work?

A
  1. Combination of estrogen and progesterone : prevent release of FSH and LH & inhibit ovulation
  2. Progesterone only: thicken cervical mucosa prevents entry of sperm & thining of endometrium prevent implantation
69
Q

How does Depo-Povera work?

A

Progestin compound implanted subdermally or injected intramuscularly to prevent ovulation

70
Q

How does an IUD work ?

A

Placed in uterine cavity to prevent implantation

Anatomy (9 decks)

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