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MJM > L05 + S03 - Joints > Flashcards

L05 + S03 - Joints Flashcards

1
Q

What are the different classification of joints?

A
  1. Fibrous joints
  2. Synovial joints
  3. Cartilaginous joints
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2
Q

What are the different types of fibrous joints?

A
  1. Sutures
  2. Syndesmoses
  3. Gomphosis
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3
Q

What are the different types of cartilaginous joints?

A
  1. Primary cartilaginous joints (synchondroses)

2. Secondary cartilaginous joints (symphyses)

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4
Q

What are the different types of synovial joints?

A
  1. Plane joints
  2. Hinge joints
  3. Saddle joints
  4. Condyloid joints (ellipsoid joint)
  5. Ball and socket joints
  6. Pivot joints
  7. Bicondylar joints
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5
Q

Which movements do plane joints allow?

A
  • Gliding or sliding movements when one bone moves across the surface of another (in the plane of articular surfaces)
  • Opposed surfaces of the bones are flat or almost flat
  • Movement limited by tight joint capsules
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6
Q

Example of plane joint?

A

Acromioclavicular joint - between acromion of scapula and the clavicle

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7
Q

Which movements do hinge joints allow?

A
  • UNIAXIAL = 1 plane and 1 axis (transverse)

- Flexion and extension only

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8
Q

Example of hinge joint?

A

Elbow joint - between humerus and ulna

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9
Q

Which movements do saddle joints allow?

A
  • BIAXIAL = 2 axes at right angles to each other and 2 planes
  • Abduction and adduction
  • Flexion and extension
  • Articular surfaces are saddle shaped
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10
Q

Examples of saddle joint?

A
  1. Sternoclavicular joint - between clavicle and sternum

2. Carpometacarpal joint - between the trapezium and first metacarpal

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11
Q

Which movements do ball and socket joints allow?

A
  • MULTIAXIAL = movement in multiple axes and planes 3 axes and 3 planes)
  • Abduction and adduction
  • Flexion and extension
  • Circumduction
  • Medial and lateral rotation
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12
Q

Example of ball and socket joint?

A
  1. Shoulder joint - between humerus and glenoid cavity)

2. Hip - between femur and pelvis (rounded head of femur and acetabulum of pelvis)

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13
Q

Which movements do condyloid/ ellipsoid joints allow?

A
  • BIAXIAL = 2 axes at right angles to each other and 2 planes
  • Abduction and adduction
  • Flexion and extension
  • Limited circumduction
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14
Q

Example of condyloid joint?

A

Metacarpophalangeal joints

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15
Q

Example of ellipsoid joint?

A

Wrist joint (radiocarpal joint) - between distal end of radius and articulating surface of scaphoid, lunate and triquetral bones

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16
Q

Which movements do bicondylar joints allow?

A
  • Movement mostly in one axis
  • Limited rotation around second axis
  • Formed by two convex condyles that articulate with concave or flat surfaces
17
Q

Example pf bicondylar joint?

A

Knee joint - between

18
Q

Where do suture fibrous joints occur?

A
  • Occur between most of the bones in the cranium

- Space between bones are quite narrow

19
Q

Example of where syndesmoses fibrous joints occur?

A
  • Interosseous membrane between ulna and radius
20
Q

Example of where gomphosis fibrous joints occur?

A
  • Narrow fibrous joint between teeth that are fit into the alveoli (bony sockets) and the roots of a tooth
21
Q

What is a syndesmoses fibrous joint?

A

A type of fibrous joint in which two parallel bones are united to each other by fibrous CT

  • Narrow gap = joined by ligaments
  • Wide gap = filled by sheet of CT (interosseous membrane)
  • Keeps them in their relative position despite movement
22
Q

What is a suture fibrous joint?

A

All bones of the skull (except for mandible) joined to each other by sutures

  • Freq convoluted therefore forming a tight union that prevents movement between bones
  • Some sutures may allow for slight movement
23
Q

What is a gomphosis fibrous joint?

A

Specialised fibrous joint that anchors the root of a tooth into its bony socket within the maxillary bone or mandible

24
Q

What is a primary cartilaginous joint (synchondroses)

A
  • Connected by hyaline cartilage

- Occur temporarily during bone growth, between epiphysis and diaphysis of long bones

25
Q

Example of primary cartilaginous joint?

A

Epiphyseal plate (‘growth plates’)

26
Q

Example of secondary cartilaginous joint?

A
  • Manubriosternal joint - between manubrium and sternum
  • Intervertebral discs
  • Pubic symphysis
27
Q

What is a secondary cartilaginous joint?

A
  • Connected by fibrocartilage
  • Tends to occur down axis of body
  • Allows some restricted movement
28
Q

What do synovial joints consist of?

A
  • Articulating surface
  • Joint cavity
  • Articular capsule
29
Q

Which type of cartilage is found in the articular cartilage and what are some exceptions?

A
  • Comprised of specialised type of hyaline cartilage
  • Sternoclavicular
  • Acromioclavicular
  • Temporomandibular
  • Articulating surfaces covered by fibrous tissue instead
30
Q

What are the three classes of levers?

A
  • 1st class lever
  • 2nd class lever
  • 3rd class lever
31
Q

Describe a first class lever

A
  • Fulcrum found between load arm and force arm
  • See-saw
  • Rarely any mechanical advantage
32
Q

Describe a second class lever

A
  • Fulcrum at one end of the lever and the applied force is at the other; load/ weight is located between the two
  • Closer the load is to the fulcrum, the easier the load is to lift
  • Mechanical advantage = allows large loads to be moved BUT SLOWLY
33
Q

Describe a third class lever

A
  • Fulcrum is at one end with the load at the other; the force is in between them
  • Mechanical disadv = less weight can be moved than second class lever but at a greater speed
  • Most common type
34
Q

Example of first class lever

A

Atlanto-occipital joint

35
Q

Example of second class lever

A

Standing on tip toes - resistance (weight) = body; force = muscles; fulcrum = toes (metatarsophalangeal joints)

36
Q

Example of third class lever

A

Elbow joint - fulcrum = joint; weight (resistance) = forearm; force = biceps muscles when flexed

MJM (31 decks)

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