L05 + S03 - Joints Flashcards
What are the different classification of joints?
- Fibrous joints
- Synovial joints
- Cartilaginous joints
What are the different types of fibrous joints?
- Sutures
- Syndesmoses
- Gomphosis
What are the different types of cartilaginous joints?
- Primary cartilaginous joints (synchondroses)
2. Secondary cartilaginous joints (symphyses)
What are the different types of synovial joints?
- Plane joints
- Hinge joints
- Saddle joints
- Condyloid joints (ellipsoid joint)
- Ball and socket joints
- Pivot joints
- Bicondylar joints
Which movements do plane joints allow?
- Gliding or sliding movements when one bone moves across the surface of another (in the plane of articular surfaces)
- Opposed surfaces of the bones are flat or almost flat
- Movement limited by tight joint capsules
Example of plane joint?
Acromioclavicular joint - between acromion of scapula and the clavicle
Which movements do hinge joints allow?
- UNIAXIAL = 1 plane and 1 axis (transverse)
- Flexion and extension only
Example of hinge joint?
Elbow joint - between humerus and ulna
Which movements do saddle joints allow?
- BIAXIAL = 2 axes at right angles to each other and 2 planes
- Abduction and adduction
- Flexion and extension
- Articular surfaces are saddle shaped
Examples of saddle joint?
- Sternoclavicular joint - between clavicle and sternum
2. Carpometacarpal joint - between the trapezium and first metacarpal
Which movements do ball and socket joints allow?
- MULTIAXIAL = movement in multiple axes and planes 3 axes and 3 planes)
- Abduction and adduction
- Flexion and extension
- Circumduction
- Medial and lateral rotation
Example of ball and socket joint?
- Shoulder joint - between humerus and glenoid cavity)
2. Hip - between femur and pelvis (rounded head of femur and acetabulum of pelvis)
Which movements do condyloid/ ellipsoid joints allow?
- BIAXIAL = 2 axes at right angles to each other and 2 planes
- Abduction and adduction
- Flexion and extension
- Limited circumduction
Example of condyloid joint?
Metacarpophalangeal joints
Example of ellipsoid joint?
Wrist joint (radiocarpal joint) - between distal end of radius and articulating surface of scaphoid, lunate and triquetral bones
Which movements do bicondylar joints allow?
- Movement mostly in one axis
- Limited rotation around second axis
- Formed by two convex condyles that articulate with concave or flat surfaces
Example pf bicondylar joint?
Knee joint - between
Where do suture fibrous joints occur?
- Occur between most of the bones in the cranium
- Space between bones are quite narrow
Example of where syndesmoses fibrous joints occur?
- Interosseous membrane between ulna and radius
Example of where gomphosis fibrous joints occur?
- Narrow fibrous joint between teeth that are fit into the alveoli (bony sockets) and the roots of a tooth
What is a syndesmoses fibrous joint?
A type of fibrous joint in which two parallel bones are united to each other by fibrous CT
- Narrow gap = joined by ligaments
- Wide gap = filled by sheet of CT (interosseous membrane)
- Keeps them in their relative position despite movement
What is a suture fibrous joint?
All bones of the skull (except for mandible) joined to each other by sutures
- Freq convoluted therefore forming a tight union that prevents movement between bones
- Some sutures may allow for slight movement
What is a gomphosis fibrous joint?
Specialised fibrous joint that anchors the root of a tooth into its bony socket within the maxillary bone or mandible
What is a primary cartilaginous joint (synchondroses)
- Connected by hyaline cartilage
- Occur temporarily during bone growth, between epiphysis and diaphysis of long bones
Example of primary cartilaginous joint?
Epiphyseal plate (‘growth plates’)
Example of secondary cartilaginous joint?
- Manubriosternal joint - between manubrium and sternum
- Intervertebral discs
- Pubic symphysis
What is a secondary cartilaginous joint?
- Connected by fibrocartilage
- Tends to occur down axis of body
- Allows some restricted movement
What do synovial joints consist of?
- Articulating surface
- Joint cavity
- Articular capsule
Which type of cartilage is found in the articular cartilage and what are some exceptions?
- Comprised of specialised type of hyaline cartilage
- Sternoclavicular
- Acromioclavicular
- Temporomandibular
- Articulating surfaces covered by fibrous tissue instead
What are the three classes of levers?
- 1st class lever
- 2nd class lever
- 3rd class lever
Describe a first class lever
- Fulcrum found between load arm and force arm
- See-saw
- Rarely any mechanical advantage
Describe a second class lever
- Fulcrum at one end of the lever and the applied force is at the other; load/ weight is located between the two
- Closer the load is to the fulcrum, the easier the load is to lift
- Mechanical advantage = allows large loads to be moved BUT SLOWLY
Describe a third class lever
- Fulcrum is at one end with the load at the other; the force is in between them
- Mechanical disadv = less weight can be moved than second class lever but at a greater speed
- Most common type
Example of first class lever
Atlanto-occipital joint
Example of second class lever
Standing on tip toes - resistance (weight) = body; force = muscles; fulcrum = toes (metatarsophalangeal joints)
Example of third class lever
Elbow joint - fulcrum = joint; weight (resistance) = forearm; force = biceps muscles when flexed
