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MJM > AP08 - Musculoskeletal of trunk and pelvic floor > Flashcards

AP08 - Musculoskeletal of trunk and pelvic floor Flashcards

1
Q

What are the margins of the abdominopelvic cavity?

A 
Superior = thoracic diaphragm 
Inferior = Pelvic diaphragm 
Posterior = Posterior abdominal wall
Anterior = Anterolateral abdominal walls
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2
Q

What are the different layers of the abdominal wall?

A
  1. Skin
  2. Subcutaneous tissue
  3. Superficial fascia
    - Camper’s fascia (fatty layer)
    - Scarpa’s fascia (membranous deep layer)
  4. External oblique muscle
  5. Internal oblique muscle
  6. Transversus abdominis muscle
  7. Transversalis fascia
  8. Preperitoneal adipose and areolar tissue (extraperitoneal fascia)
  9. Parietal peritoenum
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3
Q

What happens to the Camper’s fascia in men?

A
  • This superficial layer continues over the penis
  • After losing its fat and fusing with the deeper layer of superficial fascia (Scarpa’s fascia), it continues into the scrotum where it forms a specialised fascia layer containing smooth muscle fibres (the DARTOS FASCIA)
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4
Q

What happens to the Camper’s fascia in women?

A

This superficial layer retains some fat and is a component of the labia majora

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5
Q

What happens to the Scarpa’s fascia in men?

A
  • The deeper membranous later blends with the superficial layer as they both pass over the penis, forming the superficial fascia of the penis
  • They then continue into the scrotum where they form the dartos fascia
  • Extensions of the deeper membranous later attached to the pubic symphysis pass inferiorly into the dorsym and siedes of penis to form the FUNDIFORM LIGAMENT OF PENIS
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6
Q

What happens to the Scarpa’s fascia in women?

A

Membranous layer continues into labia majora and anterior part of perineum

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7
Q

What are the muscles of the abdomen?

A
  1. External oblique (flat muscle group)
  2. Internal oblique (flat muscle group)
  3. Rectus abdominis (vertical muscle group)
  4. Transversus abdominis (flat muscle group)
  5. Pyramidalis (vertical muscle group) - may be absent
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8
Q

What is the collective function of anterolateral muscles?

A
  • By their positioning, the form a firm but flexible wall
  • Keeps the abdominal viscera within the abdominal cavity
  • Protects the viscera from injury
  • Helps maintain the position of the viscera in the erect posture against the action of gravity
  • Involved in any action that inc intraabdominal pressure; childbrith (parturition), urination (micturtion) and defecation
  • Contraction assist sin both quiet and forced expiration by pushing the viscera upwards
  • Coughing and vomiting
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9
Q

Where does the linea alba extend to?

A

Linea alba extends from xiphoid process to the pubic symphysis

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10
Q

What forms the inguinal ligament?

A
  • Lower border of the external oblique aponeurosis forms the inguinal ligament on each side
  • Continuous with the fascia lata of the thigh
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11
Q

What is the lacunar ligament?

A

A crescent shaped extension of fibres at the medial end of the inguinal ligament that pass backwards to attach to the pecten pubis on the superior ramus of the pubic bone

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12
Q

What is the pectineal (Cooper’s ligament)?

A

Additional fibres extending from the lacunar ligament along the pecten pubis of the pelvic brim

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13
Q

What gives the rectus abdominis its distinct shape?

A
  • Extending length of anterior abdominal wall
  • Widens and thins as it ascends from pubic symphysis to costal margins
  • Intersected by three or four transverse fibrous bands (TENDINOUS INTERSECTIONS)
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14
Q

What forms the rectus sheath?

A

The aponeuroses of the:

  1. External oblique
  2. Internal oblique
  3. Transversus abdominis
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15
Q

What does the rectus sheath enclose?

A

Rectus sheath encloses the rectus abdominis and pyramidalis muscles

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16
Q

Where does the rectus sheath not cover?

A

No sheath covers the posterior surface of the lower quarter of the rectus abdominis muscle
- The muscle at this point is in direct contact with the transversalis fascia

17
Q

Where is the groin (inguinal region)?

A

The area of junction between the anterior abdominal wall and the thigh

18
Q

How and why does an inguinal hernia occur?

A
  • In the inguinal region (the groin), the anterior abdominal wall is weakened from changes that occur during development of gonads
  • A peritoneal sac or diverticulum, with or without contents, can therefore protrude through the various layers of the anterior abdominal wall and taking coverings from each layer
  • Before the descent of the testes and ovaries from their initial position high in the posterior abdominal wall, a peritoneal outpouching (processus vaginalis) forms
  • Can occur in both sexes but most common in males
19
Q

What are the different coverings of the processus vaginalis?

A
  1. Transversalis fascia forms its deepest covering
  2. Second covering formed by the musculature of the internal oblique
  3. Its most superficial covering is the aponeurosis of the external oblique
20
Q

Why is the transversus abdominis muscle not acquired in the coverings of the processus vaginalis?

A

The processus vaginalis passes under the arching fibres of this abdominal wall muscle

21
Q

Describe the descent of testes

A

The testes and the accompanying vessels, ducts and nerves pass through the inguinal canal and are therefore surrounded by the same fascial laers of the abdominal wall
- Testicular descent completes the formation of the spermatic cord in men

22
Q

Describe the descent of ovaries in women

A

The ovaries descend into the pelvic cavity and become assoc with the developing uterus
- The only remaining structure passing through the inguinal canal is the round ligament of the uterus which is a remnant of the gubernaculum

23
Q

What are the contents of the inguinal canal?

A
  1. Genital branch of the the genitofemoral nerve
  2. Spermatic cord in men
  3. Round ligament of the uterus in women
  4. Ilio-inguinal nerve (L1) - a branch of the lumbar plexus
24
Q

Where does the inguinal canal begin/ end?

A

Begin - deep inguinal ring
End - superficial inguinal ring
Aprrox 4cm

25
Q

What makes up the anterior wall of the inguinal canal?

A
  • Aponeurosis of the external oblique muscle
  • Reinforced laterally by the lower fibres of the internal oblique that originate from the lateral 2/3 of the inguinal ligament
26
Q

What makes up the posterior wall of the inguinal canal?

A
  • Transversalis fascia
  • Reinforced along its medial 1/3 by the conjoint tendon (inguinal falx) - the combined insertion of the transversus abdominis and internal oblique muscles into the pubic crest and pectineal line
27
Q

What makes up the floor of the inguinal canal?

A
  • The medial 1/2 of the inguinal ligament
28
Q

What makes up the roof of the inguinal canal?

A
  • The arching fibres of the transversus abdominis and internal oblique muscles

MJM (31 decks)

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