L XII, C XIII

Question 1

Effective use of rules requires… (4)

Answer 1

Initiating rules
Inhibiting irrelevant rules
Transition from one rule to another
Relating rules to form higher-order contingencies for behavior

Question 2

Inhibition, shifting (flexibility) and updating (WM) together allow for… (5)

Answer 2

Reasoning
Problem solving
Planning
Self-monitoring
Fluid intelligence

Question 3

Fluid intelligence =

Answer 3

Ability to solve abstract reasoning problems, reasoning and manipulating of information.

Question 4

Crystallized intelligence =

Answer 4

Learned procedures and knowledge, knowledge from prior learning and experiences.

Question 5

Fluid intelligence correlates highly with measures of executive functions - 2 brain areas…

Answer 5

PFC, parietal cortex

Question 6

Executive functions outside the PFC in (3) brain areas…

Answer 6

Posterior parietal cortex, ACC, basal ganglia

Question 7

5 structures of basal ganglia:

Answer 7

Caudate nucleus
Putamen
Subthalamic nucleus
Substantia nigra
Globus pallidus

Question 8

3 basal ganglia loops in frontal cortex:

Answer 8

Motor loop - M1, PMC, SMA
Prefrontal loop - dlPFC
Affective loop - anterior cingulate, OFC

Question 9

Motor loop of basal ganglia in frontal cortex:

Answer 9

M1, PMC, SMA

From M1, PMC, and SMA to putamen (middle brain) to globus pallidus to ventrolateral and ventral anterior nuclei in cortex.

Question 10

Prefrontal loop of basal ganglia in frontal cortex

Answer 10

dlPFC

From dlPFC to anterior caudate (posterior frontal cortex) to globus pallidus and SN to ventral and mediodorsal anterior nuclei

Question 11

Affective loop of basal ganglia in frontal cortex

Answer 11

From OFC and anterior cingulate to amygdala, HPC, OFC, and temporal cortex to ventral striatum to ventral pallidum to mediodorsal nucleus.

Question 12

Damage to PFC - impaired and unimpaired:

Answer 12

Unimpaired: perception, language, memory, motor abilities

Impaired: forming, updating, and implementing rules for effective behavior

Question 13

Damage to PFC can result in… (5)

Answer 13

Schizphrenia
ADHD
Acquired sociopathy
Abulia
Appropriate behavior

Question 14

Frontal dysexecutive syndrome

Answer 14

Damage to lateral PFC
Lack of initiation (= abulia)
Socially quiet

Question 15

Frontal disinhibition syndrome

Answer 15

Damage to ventral or medial PFC
Lack of inhibition
Socially (too) expressive

Question 16

Abstract versus concrete rules (brain areas)

Answer 16

Dorsolateral PFC versus ventral basal ganglia

Question 17

Switching between rules is regulated in the…

Answer 17

OFC

Question 18

Damage to the OFC - rules:

Answer 18

Learning rules is intact, but slower to pick up on switches between rules.

Question 19

Deduction =

Answer 19

Top-down

e.g., scientists are curious

Question 20

Induction =

Answer 20

Bottom-up

e.g., wm role in reasoning

Question 21

Abulia =

Answer 21

Damage to lateral PFC, not ventromedial.

Lethargic behavior, social withdrawal, lack of initiation

Question 22

P300 arises from… (3)

Answer 22

Parietal cortex, medial PFC, lateral PFC

Question 23

Damage to posterior ventrolateral frontal cortex in right hemisphere:

Answer 23

Difficulties inhibiting response after a stop signal.

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