L XII, C XIII Flashcards
Effective use of rules requires… (4)
Initiating rules
Inhibiting irrelevant rules
Transition from one rule to another
Relating rules to form higher-order contingencies for behavior
Inhibition, shifting (flexibility) and updating (WM) together allow for… (5)
Reasoning Problem solving Planning Self-monitoring Fluid intelligence
Fluid intelligence =
Ability to solve abstract reasoning problems, reasoning and manipulating of information.
Crystallized intelligence =
Learned procedures and knowledge, knowledge from prior learning and experiences.
Fluid intelligence correlates highly with measures of executive functions - 2 brain areas…
PFC, parietal cortex
Executive functions outside the PFC in (3) brain areas…
Posterior parietal cortex, ACC, basal ganglia
5 structures of basal ganglia:
Caudate nucleus Putamen Subthalamic nucleus Substantia nigra Globus pallidus
3 basal ganglia loops in frontal cortex:
Motor loop - M1, PMC, SMA
Prefrontal loop - dlPFC
Affective loop - anterior cingulate, OFC
Motor loop of basal ganglia in frontal cortex:
M1, PMC, SMA
From M1, PMC, and SMA to putamen (middle brain) to globus pallidus to ventrolateral and ventral anterior nuclei in cortex.
Prefrontal loop of basal ganglia in frontal cortex
dlPFC
From dlPFC to anterior caudate (posterior frontal cortex) to globus pallidus and SN to ventral and mediodorsal anterior nuclei
Affective loop of basal ganglia in frontal cortex
From OFC and anterior cingulate to amygdala, HPC, OFC, and temporal cortex to ventral striatum to ventral pallidum to mediodorsal nucleus.
Damage to PFC - impaired and unimpaired:
Unimpaired: perception, language, memory, motor abilities
Impaired: forming, updating, and implementing rules for effective behavior
Damage to PFC can result in… (5)
Schizphrenia ADHD Acquired sociopathy Abulia Appropriate behavior
Frontal dysexecutive syndrome
Damage to lateral PFC
Lack of initiation (= abulia)
Socially quiet
Frontal disinhibition syndrome
Damage to ventral or medial PFC
Lack of inhibition
Socially (too) expressive
Abstract versus concrete rules (brain areas)
Dorsolateral PFC versus ventral basal ganglia
Switching between rules is regulated in the…
OFC
Damage to the OFC - rules:
Learning rules is intact, but slower to pick up on switches between rules.
Deduction =
Top-down
e.g., scientists are curious
Induction =
Bottom-up
e.g., wm role in reasoning
Abulia =
Damage to lateral PFC, not ventromedial.
Lethargic behavior, social withdrawal, lack of initiation
P300 arises from… (3)
Parietal cortex, medial PFC, lateral PFC
Damage to posterior ventrolateral frontal cortex in right hemisphere:
Difficulties inhibiting response after a stop signal.
Similar in ADHD
