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Cognitive Neuroscience II > L IX, C X > Flashcards

L IX, C X Flashcards

1
Q

4 examples of structures of the Papez circuit

A

Hippocampus/BA34, hypothalamus, anterior thalamus, cingulate gyrus

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2
Q

Cannon-Bard (diencephalic theory)

A

Emotional stimulus is processed by the diencephalon, i.e. (hypo)thalamus and send simultaneously to the neocortex and rest of the body.

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3
Q

3 divisions (incl. functions) Cannon-Bard (diencephalic) theory

A

(Hypo)thalamus - experience of emotion
Neocortex - expression of emotion
Body - expression of emotion

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4
Q

James-Lange feedback theory

A

Emotion depends on physiological changes in the body that report back to the brain to generate an emotion (physiological changes > emotion).

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5
Q

Component process theories attempt to…

A

Capture the fluid nature of emotions.

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6
Q

Dimensional theories state that…

A

Each emotion is a point somewhere between two or more dimensions - often arousal (intensity) and valence (pleasantness).

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7
Q

Dimensional theories can be plotted by 2 models.

A

Vector models = axes of positive and negative valence, distance to endpoint is measurement of arousal.

Circumplex models = circle around center of axes of valence and arousal.

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8
Q

Skin conductance response (SCR) =

A

Electrodermal activity - activity of the sweat glands increases the skin’s electrical conductance.

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9
Q

Startle response =

A

Protective musculoskeletal reflex elicited by intense and unexpected sensory stimuli.

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10
Q

Critics on James-Lange theory.

A

Hormonal feedback of bodily changes is insufficient to generate emotions, certain bodily responses are not enough to determine a specific feeling.

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11
Q

Binocular rivalry =

A

Perception alternates between different images presented to each eye.

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12
Q

How does the amygdala regulate binocular rivalry?

A

Amygdala activations to suppress one stimuli. Amygdala is functionally coupled to the superior colliculus. Superior colliculus regulates eye movement and visual perception. Superior colliculus is coupled to the thalamus.

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13
Q

3 emotion areas in the PFC.

A

vmPFC, lateral/medial OFC, anterior cingulate cortex (ACC)

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14
Q

Reptilian, paleomammalian, and neomammalian brain all influence the amygdala, but different parts:

A

Repitilian - amygdala
Paleomammalian - basolateral amygdala (BLA)
Neomammalian - lateral amygdala, inferior temporal cortex (ITC)

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15
Q

3 loosely coupled biosystems (where + what):

A

Repitilian brain = brainstem/cerebellum - life-support system, reflexive behavior

Paleomammalian brain = limbic system - motivation and emotion

Neomammalian brain = neocortex - thought and cognition, higher level control

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16
Q

Categorical theories see each emotion as…

A

An independent entity.

Basic emotions: innate, pan-cultural, pan-species
Complex emotions: learned, socially shaped

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17
Q

5 areas of the ‘‘emotional brain’/limbic system:

A

Amygdala, hippocampus, thalamus, PFC, connections between them (like fornix)

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18
Q

2 divisions of the nervous system:

A

Central nervous system (brain, spinal cord) and peripheral nervous system (body)

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19
Q

2 divisions of the peripheral nervous system (PNS):

A

Somatic NS, autonomic NS

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20
Q

2 divisions of the autonomic nervous system (ANS):

A

Sympathetic NS (fight-or-flight), parasympathetic NS (rest-and-digest)

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21
Q

Somatic nervous system (SNS)

A

Sensory and motor information from/to CNS, voluntary muscle control.

Efferent neurons (motor, from CNS to body) and afferent neurons (sensory, from nerves to CNS).

22
Q

Afferent neurons

A

Sensory neurons who carry information from the nerves to the CNS.

23
Q

Efferent neurons

A

Motor neurons who carry information from the CNS to the muscles in the body.

24
Q

Activation of the PNS:

A

Norepinephrine release - increase of blood pressure, muscle contraction, heart rate, etc.

25
Q

Hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal (HPA)-axis =

A

Neuroendocrine system that controls stress, digestion, mood and emotion, sexuality, energy storage, immune system, etc.

26
Q

Corticotropin-releasing factor/hormone (CRF/CRH) =

A

Peptide hormone involved in stress-response.

Released by the paraventricular nucleus (PVN) into the brain (hypothalamus) upon stress.

Activates the anterior pituitary gland.

27
Q

Anterior pituitary gland (hypofyse) =

A

Lies beneath hypothalamus and controls stress, growth, hormone secretion, etc.

Upon activation by CRF/CRH, it releases ACTH into the bloodstream to the adrenal glands.

28
Q

Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) =

A

Hormone produced and secreted by anterior pituitary gland.

Upon activation, it stimulates the adrenal glands to release the steroid hormone cortisol.

29
Q

Adrenal glands =

A

Endocrine glands located just above the kidneys, produces hormones and steroids.

Upon activation by ACTH, it releases glucocorticoids (such as cortisol).

30
Q

LeDoux’ model for fear - amygdala: two routes.

A

Low/slow route = stimuli - thalamus - sensory cortex - amygdala.

High/fast route = stimuli - thalamus - amygdala.

31
Q

Low/slow route

A

Stimuli - thalamus - sensory cortex - amygdala (unconscious).

32
Q

High/fast route

A

Stimuli - thalamus - amygdala (conscious).

33
Q

CeA =

A

Central amygdala, output nucleus of thalamus - where patterns get activated after information has been analyzed.

34
Q

Anterior nucleus of thalamus =

A

Modulation of alertness, learning and episodic memory, spatial navigation for head movement (head direction cells).

35
Q

Klüver-Bucy syndrome

A

Neurological disorder involving loss of fear, visual agnosia, hyperorality, hypersexuality, explorative behavior.

Caused by disconnection of frontal lobe and other areas from amygdala.

36
Q

Basis of limbic system theories:

A

Papez circuit (HPC, hypothalamus, anterior thalamus, cingulate gyrus)

Klüver-Bucy syndrome (frontal lobe and amygdala)

37
Q

Right-hemisphere hypothesis =

A

Right hemisphere is specialized in mediating several aspects of emotion.

Emotion perception tasks: right hemisphere damage leads to more difficulties.

38
Q

Valence hypothesis

A

Left and right hemisphere would be specialized in positive and negative emotions.

Left hemisphere - positive emotions (because those tend to have more linguistic and social functions)

Right hemisphere - negative emotions

39
Q

Acquisition and expression of conditioned fear require the amygdala.

A

Amygdala damage: reduced fear-potentiated startle response and SCR.
Also deficits in recognizing fear in facial expressions.

40
Q

Emotional perseveration =

A

Persistence of fear (e.g., PTSD).

To diminish: repeated presentation of CS without negative US.
Learn to change meaning of CS - eventually fear extinction.

41
Q

Fear extinction depends on…

A

Integrity of vmPFC - this area influences the activity of neurons in the amygdala.

42
Q

HPC and contextual fear conditioning:

A

HPC mediates some aspects of contextual fear conditioning, in which fears are associated with specific places/circumstances.

Amnesia patients with hippocampal damage exhibit conditioned SCRs to a CS, but do not retain information about contextual details.

43
Q

Somatic marker hypothesis =

A

Emotional processes guide (bias) behavior and strongly influence decision-making. Somatic markers are feelings in the body associated with emotions.

e.g., rapid heartbeat (anxiety), nausea (disgust).

Somatic markers are processed in vmPFC and amygdala.

44
Q

Role of vmPFC in somatic marker hypothesis

A

vmPFC contains indexes that link factual knowledge to bioregulatory states associated with particular events.

When a certain event encounters, prior knowledge calls up somatic markers.

vmPFC triggers reactivation of somatosensory patterns of the associated emotion.

45
Q

Insula

A

Monitoring own physiological state, disgust (damage: impaired ability to recognize facial and vocal expressions of disgust).

46
Q

Fear-enhanced processing of faces in fusiform gyrus…

A

Is reduced in patients with amygdala damage.

Amount of amygdala damage negatively correlates to activity in fusiform gyrus.

47
Q

Normal mood regulation - mood disorders

A

ACC and related regions in medial and orbital PFC maintain a balance between emotional and dorsal attentional functions.

Patterns are skewed in mood disorders.

48
Q

Injecting propranolol:

A

Decreased number of emotional details remembered of audio-visual narrative.

Amygdala damage shows similar selective deficits.

49
Q

Cognitive reappraisal =

A

The strategy to attend or interpret meaning of an elicitor in such way to alter its emotional aspect.

50
Q

Memory modulation hypothesis emphasizes…

A

The role of the amygdala in enhancing consolidation processes in other brain regions.

Cognitive Neuroscience II (6 decks)

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