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Cognitive Neuroscience II > L VII, C VIII > Flashcards

L VII, C VIII Flashcards

1
Q

Tanzi, Hebb -

Cajal -

A

Tanzi, Hebb - alterations of existing connections

Cajal - forming new connections

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2
Q

Right hemisphere versus left hemisphere

A

Right - (spatial) understanding of world, creating images and visualizations.
Left hemisphere - verbal and cognitive processes.

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3
Q

Sulcus versus gyrus

A

Groove versus ridge

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4
Q

Anterograde versus retrograde amnesia

A

Anterograde amnesia = inability to form new memories.

Retrograde amnesia = inability to remember pre-lesion memories.

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5
Q

3 areas in the diencephalon:

A

Thalamus, hypothalamus, pituitary gland (hypofyse)

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6
Q

Korsakov syndrome =

A

Anterograde and retrograde amnesia due to thiamine deficits (vitamin B1).

Damage to dorsomedial nucleus of thalamus and mammalliary bodies.

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7
Q

Damage to … impairs declarative memory but not WM.

Damage to … impairs WM but not declarative memory.

A

Medial temporal lobe (MTL/BA21/BA38)

Left temporoparietal lobe

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8
Q

Damage to … impairs declarative but not non-declarative memory.
Damage to … impairs non-declarative but not declarative memory.

A

MTL (BA21/BA38)

Occipital lobe

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9
Q

Declarative memory =

Non-declarative memory =

A

Declarative memory = knowledge, facts, events.

Non-declarative memory = skills, habits, priming, conditioning.

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10
Q

Semantic dementia =

A

Loss of semantic memory in both verbal and non-verbal domains.
Loss of word meaning, loss of matching words to meanings.

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11
Q

Direct priming =

Indirect priming =

A

Direct priming = prime and target stimuli are the same.

Indirect priming = prime and target stimuli are similar.

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12
Q

Perceptual priming =

A

Prime and target are perceptually related, e.g., envelope + e_v_l_p_

Different brain system than declarative memory: MTL damage = impaired episodic (familiarity) but not perceptual.

Might depend on sensory systems: occipital damage = impaired perceptual but not episodic.

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13
Q

Repetition suppression effect =

A

Decreased neural activation due to repeated presentations of a stimulus.

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14
Q

Distinction left and right fusiform gyrus (BA37):

A

Left fusiform gyrus - more abstract object representations.

Right fusiform gyrus - more concrete object representations.

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15
Q

Sharpening theory =

A

When stimulus is repeated, critical neurons continue firing, while not essential neurons respond less.

Causing reduced hemodynamic responses.

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16
Q

Conceptual priming =

A

Prior processing of stimulus’ conceptual aspects.

Different from declarative memory because doesn’t depend on conscious awareness and preserved in patients with MTL damage.

17
Q

Conceptual priming in AD versus amnesia:

A

Amnesia does not impair it, AD does - therefore mediated by regions affected by AD? Such as PFC, lateral temporal cortices?

18
Q

Skill learning in amnesia?

A

Independent of MTL (BA21/BA38), so preserved in amnesia.

Relies heavily on interaction between neocortex and subcortical structures.

19
Q

Motor sequence learning impaired in … disorders, like …

A

Basal ganglia disorders like PD.

20
Q

Early learning phase =

A

Rapid improvement of performance.

Activation in PMC (BA08), SMA (BA06), BS, cerebellum, parietal cortex.

21
Q

Advanced learning phase =

A

Slow improvement of performance.

Activation in specific subregions of cerebellum and M1.

22
Q

Perceptual skill learning and Greebles:

A

Good recognition of Greebles is associated with increased activity in fusiform face area (FFA/BA37).

23
Q

Operant conditioning =

A

Probability of behavioral response is altered by associating the response with a reward.

24
Q

Goal-directed actions are sensitive to … contingencies. Learning depends on …

A 
Action-outcome
Dorsomedial striatum (caudate)
25
Q

Stimulus-driven habits are controlled by … associations. Habitual learning depends on…

A 
Stimulus-response
Dorsolateral striatum (putamen)
26
Q

Long-term potentiation (LTP) =

A

Persistent strengthening of synapses leading to long-lasting increase in signal transmission.

Can last for days/weeks, has specificity and associativity.

27
Q

EPSP =

A

Excitatory postsynaptic potential, postsynaptic potential that increases the chance on firing an AP.

28
Q

Long-term depression (LTD) =

A

Reduction in efficacy of synapses to weaken them - protective mechanism to inhibit LTP.

29
Q

Remove gene for NMDA receptors:

A

Disable LTP.

NMDA receptors are glutamatergic, excitatory receptors. Knock-out means no LTP possible.

30
Q

Mice lacking NMDA show …

Means …

A

Impaired spatial learning.

No LTP?

31
Q

Imprinting =

A

Formation (through learning) of early social preference for mother or another stimulus.

Changes in protein synthesis, more postsynaptic receptors.

Intermediate and medial mesopallium (IMM) enables imprinting.

32
Q

BA37

A

Occipital temporal cortex
Fusiform gyrus
Fusiform face area

Cognitive Neuroscience II (6 decks)

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