L VII, C VIII Flashcards
Tanzi, Hebb -
Cajal -
Tanzi, Hebb - alterations of existing connections
Cajal - forming new connections
Right hemisphere versus left hemisphere
Right - (spatial) understanding of world, creating images and visualizations.
Left hemisphere - verbal and cognitive processes.
Sulcus versus gyrus
Groove versus ridge
Anterograde versus retrograde amnesia
Anterograde amnesia = inability to form new memories.
Retrograde amnesia = inability to remember pre-lesion memories.
3 areas in the diencephalon:
Thalamus, hypothalamus, pituitary gland (hypofyse)
Korsakov syndrome =
Anterograde and retrograde amnesia due to thiamine deficits (vitamin B1).
Damage to dorsomedial nucleus of thalamus and mammalliary bodies.
Damage to … impairs declarative memory but not WM.
Damage to … impairs WM but not declarative memory.
Medial temporal lobe (MTL/BA21/BA38)
Left temporoparietal lobe
Damage to … impairs declarative but not non-declarative memory.
Damage to … impairs non-declarative but not declarative memory.
MTL (BA21/BA38)
Occipital lobe
Declarative memory =
Non-declarative memory =
Declarative memory = knowledge, facts, events.
Non-declarative memory = skills, habits, priming, conditioning.
Semantic dementia =
Loss of semantic memory in both verbal and non-verbal domains.
Loss of word meaning, loss of matching words to meanings.
Direct priming =
Indirect priming =
Direct priming = prime and target stimuli are the same.
Indirect priming = prime and target stimuli are similar.
Perceptual priming =
Prime and target are perceptually related, e.g., envelope + e_v_l_p_
Different brain system than declarative memory: MTL damage = impaired episodic (familiarity) but not perceptual.
Might depend on sensory systems: occipital damage = impaired perceptual but not episodic.
Repetition suppression effect =
Decreased neural activation due to repeated presentations of a stimulus.
Distinction left and right fusiform gyrus (BA37):
Left fusiform gyrus - more abstract object representations.
Right fusiform gyrus - more concrete object representations.
Sharpening theory =
When stimulus is repeated, critical neurons continue firing, while not essential neurons respond less.
Causing reduced hemodynamic responses.
Conceptual priming =
Prior processing of stimulus’ conceptual aspects.
Different from declarative memory because doesn’t depend on conscious awareness and preserved in patients with MTL damage.
Conceptual priming in AD versus amnesia:
Amnesia does not impair it, AD does - therefore mediated by regions affected by AD? Such as PFC, lateral temporal cortices?
Skill learning in amnesia?
Independent of MTL (BA21/BA38), so preserved in amnesia.
Relies heavily on interaction between neocortex and subcortical structures.
Motor sequence learning impaired in … disorders, like …
Basal ganglia disorders like PD.
Early learning phase =
Rapid improvement of performance.
Activation in PMC (BA08), SMA (BA06), BS, cerebellum, parietal cortex.
Advanced learning phase =
Slow improvement of performance.
Activation in specific subregions of cerebellum and M1.
Perceptual skill learning and Greebles:
Good recognition of Greebles is associated with increased activity in fusiform face area (FFA/BA37).
Operant conditioning =
Probability of behavioral response is altered by associating the response with a reward.
Goal-directed actions are sensitive to … contingencies. Learning depends on …
Action-outcome Dorsomedial striatum (caudate)
Stimulus-driven habits are controlled by … associations. Habitual learning depends on…
Stimulus-response Dorsolateral striatum (putamen)
Long-term potentiation (LTP) =
Persistent strengthening of synapses leading to long-lasting increase in signal transmission.
Can last for days/weeks, has specificity and associativity.
EPSP =
Excitatory postsynaptic potential, postsynaptic potential that increases the chance on firing an AP.
Long-term depression (LTD) =
Reduction in efficacy of synapses to weaken them - protective mechanism to inhibit LTP.
Remove gene for NMDA receptors:
Disable LTP.
NMDA receptors are glutamatergic, excitatory receptors. Knock-out means no LTP possible.
Mice lacking NMDA show …
Means …
Impaired spatial learning.
No LTP?
Imprinting =
Formation (through learning) of early social preference for mother or another stimulus.
Changes in protein synthesis, more postsynaptic receptors.
Intermediate and medial mesopallium (IMM) enables imprinting.
BA37
Occipital temporal cortex
Fusiform gyrus
Fusiform face area
