L XI, C XII

Question 1

Phonology =

Answer 1

Sound patterns of a language in some system of rules.

Question 2

Syntax =

Answer 2

Rules for arranging items into possible permissible combinations.

Question 3

Semantics =

Answer 3

Analysis of the meaning of language.

Question 4

Chomsky states that…

Answer 4

Children are born with knowledge of language (innate) - a universal grammar.

Question 5

Chomsky’s theory is in contrast with…

Answer 5

Associative/connectionist/usage-based theories, who state that language is learned, not innate.

Question 6

Structure sensitivity =

Answer 6

How words/phrases are structured determines the interpretation of the meaning.

Question 7

Broca’s area (BA?) + Broca’s aphasia

Answer 7

BA44/BA45 - responsible for producing speech and language.

Broca’s aphasia = understanding and IQ intact, speech distorted.

Question 8

Wernicke’s area (BA?) + Wernicke’s aphasia

Answer 8

BA22 - responsible for understanding and processing language.

Wernicke’s aphasia = speech intact (but meaningless), understanding + IQ distorted.

Question 9

Right hemisphere damage usually causes…

Answer 9

Mild deficits, like aprosodia.

Question 10

Aprosodia =

Answer 10

Inability to properly convey/interpret emotional content of spoken language

Question 11

Stereognosis =

Answer 11

Ability to perceive and recognize form of object in absence of visual/auditory information, using tactile information.

Question 12

Left hemisphere versus right hemisphere

Answer 12

Left versus right:

• Right visual field versus left visual field
• Stereognosis right hand versus left hand
• Lexical + syntactical language versus emotional coloring language
• Writing versus spatial abilities
• Speech versus rudimentary speech

Question 13

BA44/? in the IFG is responsible for…, via the … pathways, in interaction with the …

Answer 13

Pars opercularis - the assembly of hierarchical structures and complex sentence processing, via the dorsal pathways, in interaction with the STC.

Question 14

STC supports integration of … and … information to achieve sentence interpretation.

Answer 14

Syntactic and semantic

Question 15

STC-PMC connection is … and supports …

Answer 15

Innate, auditory-based phonological learning

Question 16

In infants, the connection between … and … is not as well established as in adults.

In contrast, the … and the PMC are well connected in infants.

Answer 16

BA22/Wernicke and BA44/BA45/Broca

BA22/Wernicke and PMC

Question 17

BA45/…, BA47/…, and anterior/posterior temporal cortex are involved in … via the … pathways.

Answer 17

BA45/pars triangularis, BA47/vlPFC
Complex language processing
Ventral pathways

Question 18

Ventral system reflects … interface that involves … and …
That is retrieval and manipulation of … information.

Answer 18

Internal interfaces, semantics and reasoning

Semantic

Question 19

Dorsal =

Ventral =

Answer 19

Dorsal = where, how
Ventral = what

Question 20

2 subdivisions of the syntactic rules and representations

Answer 20

External sensory-motor interface

Internal conceptual-intentional interface

Question 21

Dorsal language system - areas and function

Answer 21

BA44/pars opercularis
Ordering words in hierarchically structured sentences
With PTC, comprehension of complex sentences

Question 22

Ventral language system - areas and function

Answer 22

BA45/pars triangularis, BA47/IFG/vlPFC, temporal cortex

Processing of semantic information

Question 23

… seems to distinguish between real and unreal grammar.

Answer 23

Broca’s area

Question 24

FOX2-gene in the K.E. family

Answer 24

Inability to fluently select the movements needed to make appropriate speech sounds.

Question 25

… lesions in birds impair … but not … - this is a neural dissocation.

Answer 25

NCM lesions

Recognition but not production