L X, C XI

Question 1

BA25

Answer 1

Subgenual ACC (sgACC) - lies posterior in inferior part of temporal lobe.

Regulator of network involving:

• hypothalamus and brain stem (appetite, sleep)
• amygdala and insula (mood, anxiety)
• hippocampus (memory formation)
• frontal cortex (self-esteem)

Question 2

Orbitofrontal cortex (OFC/BA11) damage leads to…

Answer 2

Over-reliance on perceptual cues to guide behavior.

Respond to what is in front of them, without considering context - utilization behavior.

Question 3

vmOFC/vmPFC activate the…

Answer 3

Fast activation of ANS by affective associations: somatic states are induced.

Potential threats/rewards are signaled before conscious knowledge of them.

Question 4

Validity of somatic marker hypothesis - evidence:

Answer 4

Amygdala patients show similar patterns as vmOFC patients.

Both groups don’t develop conditioned response to risky cards.

Question 5

Validity of somatic marker hypothesis - critic:

Answer 5

People aren’t good at identifying the source of their physiological arousal.
Cut off of physiological feedback doesn’t impair Iowa gambling task performance.

Question 6

Which areas for:

• self-judgements
• others-judgements

Answer 6

Self-judgements - mPFC/BA46, posterior cingulate/BA23/BA31)

Others-judgements - anterior cingulate, left inferior frontal cortex (IFC)

Question 7

Default mode network (DFM) - involved in…

Activity in DFM goes … when task-related activity goes …?

Answer 7

Involved in self-referential processing.

Activity in DFM goes up when task-related activity goes down.

Question 8

Better than average effect =

Answer 8

People tend to see themselves as above average - effect is greater for broader traits.

Question 9

More … and … recruitment leads to more realistic evaluation of self compared to others.

Answer 9

Medial OFC/BA11 and lateral OFC/BA47/vlPFC

Question 10

Bilateral TPJ involved in…

Answer 10

Processing stories on other people’s thoughts.

Question 11

mPFC/BA46 is activated in…

Answer 11

All stories with social content.

Question 12

Temporo-parietal junction (TPJ) plays crucial role in … and …

TPJ enables us to…, both … and in …

Answer 12

ToM, integrates information from many areas.

Shift attention to other parts of the world, both visually and in social reasoning (other perspectives).

Question 13

Mimicry in response to smiling face: … activation of … (smile muscle) to happy face than angry face.

… AQ - … activated muscle to happy faces.

… AQ related to … mimicry?

Answer 13

Stronger activation of zygomaticus.

Higher AQ - less activated muscle.

Higher AQ related to lower mimicry?

Question 14

Autistic patients show yes/no increase in processing in … when behavior is incongruent with context.

Answer 14

No increase

Processing in STS

Question 15

Amygdala - autism - RMET

… amygdala is correlated with:

Answer 15

Smaller amygdala is correlated with:

• longer judgement times
• less fixation on eye region

Question 16

… level of prenatal testosterone correlated with … RMET scores.

Answer 16

High level, low RMET scores.

Question 17

Oxytocin enhances …

Improves performance on …

Answer 17

Fixation on eye region

RMET

Question 18

2 brain regions associated with self-reflection:

Answer 18

Midline cortical areas involved in default mode of brain

(Para)limbic areas involved in interoception

Question 19

Self-reflexive thought (3 regions)

Representations of central feelings, visceral sensations, autonomic arousal (2 regions)

Answer 19

Self-reflexive thought - mPFC/BA46, cingulate, parietal regions

Representations of central feelings, visceral sensations, autonomic arousal - insula/BA13, ACC

Question 20

TPJ linked to …

Answer 20

Out-of-body experiences

Question 21

2 streams of face perception

Answer 21

Ventral pathway = invariant aspects of face perception, basis of person recognition, involves FFA.

Dorsal pathway = dynamic face features; emotional expression, mouth movements, gaze shifts, involves amygdala.

Question 22

STS shows weaker/stronger response when perceived actions do/don’t comply with expectations.

Answer 22

Stronger, don’t

Question 23

Autism or bilateral amygdala damage - judge faces

Answer 23

Tend to judge untrustworthy faces as more trustworthy.

Question 24

Empathy requires a coordinated operation of 4 processes:

Answer 24

Emotion sharing between individuals - processing in somatosensory cortex, insula, ACC.

Self-awareness, distinction with others - processing in PFC, insula, parietal lobes.

Mental flexibility to adopt other’s perspectives - processing in mPFC, dlPFC.

Emotion regulation - processing in lPFC, vmPFC, anterior cingulate.