L VIII, C IX

Question 1

2 subdivisions of episodic memory:

Answer 1

Recollection, familiarity

Question 2

Familiarity and recollection in:

Dorsal parietal cortex
Ventral parietal cortex

Answer 2

Dorsal parietal cortex = frequent activation for familiarity, low-confidence recognition.

Ventral parietal cortex = frequent activation for recollection, high-confidence recognition.

Question 3

Attention to memory (AtoM) model extends distinction between dorsal and ventral memory attention systems:

Answer 3

Dorsal parietal cortex = top-down processes, memory search and monitoring.
Ventral parietal cortex = bottom-up processes, recovering salient episodic details.

Question 4

Developmental amnesia in children due to hypoxia:

Answer 4

Smaller hippocampus (BA34) than healthy controls, semantic memory appears to be intact.

Question 5

Retrieval of recent memories:

Answer 5

HPC index receives information from sensory cortices, puts it together.

Question 6

Retrieval of remote memories:

Answer 6

HPC index no longer needed, because stable sensory network connections have been established.

Question 7

Place cells =

Answer 7

Spatially modulated neurons in HPC (BA34) that fire in specific locations - spatial encoding.

Question 8

Cognitive map theory (O’Keefe & Nadel) =

Answer 8

Main role HPC (BA34) is mediate memory for spatial relations among objects in environments.

Evidence is place cells in HPC.

Question 9

Relational memory theory (Eichenbaum & Cohen) =

Answer 9

HPC (BA34) mediates memory for new associations in general, not just spatial.

Question 10

Episodic memory theory =

Answer 10

HPC (BA34) is critical for episodic memory but not semantic.

Evidence: hippocampal damage affects episodic more than semantic.

Question 11

Semantic dementia (SD) often caused by…

Answer 11

Damage to anterior temporal lobe (ATL/BA38).

Starts with anomia, later severe loss of knowledge of language.

Question 12

PFC regions mediate … processes.

Posterior parietal regions mediate … processes.

Answer 12

PFC - semantic/linguistic

Posterior parietal - attentional control

Question 13

HPC associated with …, not …

Answer 13

Recollection, not familiarity.

Question 14

Two-process theory =

Answer 14

HPC/BA34 is slow-processing, relational and spatial.

Perirhinal cortex/BA35 is fast-processing, item-based, familiarity.

Question 15

Three-process theory =

Answer 15

Perirhinal cortex/BA35 for memory of objects.
Parahippocampal cortex/BA27 for memory of spatial layouts.
HPC/BA34 integrates above, domain-general relational memory.

Question 16

2 distinctions in semantic knowledge:

Answer 16

Sensory/functional

Domain-specific

Question 17

Sensory/functional theory =

Answer 17

Conceptual knowledge is organized by sensory/functional properties of objects.

Evidence: processing words activates associated sensory regions, e.g., reading ‘kick’ activates motor cortex.

Question 18

Domain-specific theory =

Answer 18

Conceptual knowledge is organized by semantic categories.

Evidence: brain-damaged patients showed impairment in specific semantic categories.

Question 19

Amodal =

Answer 19

Can be generated from any modality to generate behavior in any modality.

Question 20

Convergent architecture =

Answer 20

Hub catches deep structure to generalize conceptually, even if sensory modalities differ.

Question 21

Distributed-only view =

Answer 21

Abstract semantic knowledge is mediated by the same network as concrete semantic knowledge.

Question 22

During encoding phase, activation in …

Activation is dependent on whether words are later remembered/forgotten.

… hemisphere more activated when remembered.

This is the…

Answer 22

Inferior frontal gyrus (IFG/BA45)

Left IFG more activated when remembered.

Subsequent memory effect (SME)

Question 23

SMEs tend to occur in … hemisphere for verbal stimuli, and … for visual stimuli.

Answer 23

Left

Bilateral

Question 24

SMEs in anterior left IFG

SMEs in posterior left IFG

Answer 24

Anterior left IFG (BA45) - semantic processing

Posterior left IFG (BA45) - phonological processing

Question 25

Dorsal parietal regions - greater activity in … trials, thus … SME.
Ventral parietal regions - greater activity in … trials, thus … SME.

Remembered/forgotten - positive/negative

Answer 25

Dorsal - remembered, positive

Ventral, forgotten, negative

Question 26

IFG/BA45:

MFG/BA46

Answer 26

IFG/BA45 - encoding

MFG/BA46 - retrieval

Question 27

Source error often in…

Answer 27

Frontal lobe

Question 28

Synaptic consolidation =

Answer 28

Within minutes/hours after encoding - changes in gene expression, protein synthesis, etc.

Question 29

System consolidation =

Answer 29

Within days/months/years after encoding - changes in neural connectivity, brain regions, etc.

Question 30

Confabulations are often caused by lesions in … and …

Answer 30

Ventromedial and orbitofrontal cortex

OFC (BA11)

Question 31

Damage to MTL (BA21/BA37):
Damage to HPC (BA34):
Damage to ATL (BA38):

Answer 31

MTL: declarative memory
HPC: episodic memory
ATL: semantic memory

Question 32

BA38

Answer 32

Anterior temporal lobe

Temporal pole

Question 33

BA34

Answer 33

Hippocampus

Question 34

BA21/BA37

Answer 34

Medial temporal lobe
BA21 = medial temporal gyrus
BA37 = occipital temporal cortex