Know It Pt7! Flashcards
Mechanical valves are ____ but need ____
Durable ; blood thinners
Why do mechanical valves need blood thinners?
Because many mechanical valves are made of carbon and titanium & this can cause blood to stick on the valve creating a clot
What are the 4 types of mechanical valves?
- caged ball
-bi leaflet
-caged disc
-tilting disk leaflet
What is the most famous caged ball valve?
Starr-Edward’s
Starr-Edward’s valve is what kind of valve?
Caged ball
What are 2 famous tiling disc valves?
Brork shiley
Metronic hall
Tilting disk valves have how many orifices?
2
Bileaflet filing disk have how many orifices?
3
What are the 2 valves of bi leaflet tiling disk ?
-st.Jude
-Carbomedics
St.jude is a?
A) caged ball
B)tilting disk
C) caged disk
D) bi leaflet tilting disk
D
Bio prosthetic valves do not require _____ but are not as ____
Blood thinners; durable
What are the 3 types of bio prosthetic valves?
Homografts/allografts
Heterografts/Xenografts
Autografts
Homograft is also known as?
Allograft
Allograft is also known as?
Homograft
A homograft (allograft) is graft that comes from the ____
Same species
How are Homografts( allografts) preserved?
Crying-preserved
Homografts (allografts) can be ____ or _____
Stented or unstented
Homografts (allografts) have what kind of covering cover them ?
Dura matter covering
Heterografts are also known as?
Xenografts
Xenografts are also known as?
Heterografts
Heterografts (xenografts) are what kind of valves?
Bio prosthetic valves made from a different species (cow or pig)
What are 2 famous heterograft (xenograft) valves
Hancock
Carpentier Edward’s
Hancock valve is what kind of valve?
Heterograft (xenograft)
Carpentier Edward’s is what kind of valve?
Heterograft (xenograft)
What is a autograft?
A valve made from YOUR OWN TISSUE
What kind of covering is in the autograft valves?
Fascia Lata (thigh muscle covering)
What valve is a valve made from the same species?
A)autograft
B)Xenograft
C)homograft/allograft
D)Heterograft
C
Which valve is cryo preserved?
A)autografts
B)mechanical valves
C)heterografts/xenograft
D)homografts/allograft
D
Which valve is a valve from a different species?
A) homograft/allograft
B)heterograft/xenograft
C) autograft
D)mechanical valves
B
Which valve is a valve that is made from your own tissue?
A)autograft
B)homograft/allograft
C)heterograft/xenograft
D)caged ball
A
Which valve has a facisa lata thigh muscle covering ?
A)caged ball
B)homograft/allograft
C)autograft
D) bi leaflet tilliting disk
C
Which valves can be stented or unstened?
A)tilting disk
B)autograft
C)Xenograft/heterograftc
D)homograft/allograft
D
Hancock valve is what kind of valve?
A)caged ball
B)heterograft/xenograft
C)homograft/allograftc
D) tilting disk
B
Carpenter Edward’s is what kind of valve?
A)caged ball
B)heterograft/xenograft
C)homograft/allograftc
D) tilting disk
B
Native valves are often replaced for what 3 reasons?
-stenosis
-regur
-infection
What is the most commonly repaired valve?
Mitral valve
Valve repairs are becoming more common with what Prosethetic valve?
Carpinter
Duran rings of annuloplasties are types of?
Valve repair methods
What are 2 valve repair methods?
Duran ring
Annuloplasties
What is the Ross procedure for?
For treating congenital Aortic stenosis
Describe the Ross procedure
It involves
- Moving the PV into the AV place = autograft
- Then putting a homograft in the PV= homograft/allograft
What kind of prosthetic valves produce artifacts and shadowing?
Mechanical
A pt. Having the Ross procedure is what kind of valve procedure?
A) homograft
B)autograft
C)Mechanical valve placement
D)Heterograft/xenograft
B) autograft
A Ross procedure also requires the ___ and ____. ____ arteries to be moved
R & L ; Coronary arteries
What are some complication of prosthetic valves?
Thrombus
Embolus
Valve degeneration
Valve dehiscine
Ring abscess
Endocarditis
Hemolysis
Perivalvuar leak
Pannus formation
What is Hemolysis?
Blood cells getting destroyed
Which prosthetic valves have a poppet/click ?
Mechanical
All prosthetic valves have a ______ gradient
Transvalvuar
Most mechanical valves have some built in____
Regurgitation
What is the name of the dual valve surgery for congenital aortic stenosis?
Ross procedure
Echo findings for prosthetic valves are ____ to each different valve
Specific
To tell you’re looking at a prosthetic valve on 2D echo the valve apparatus will be highly ____ and the valve may mask ____
Echogenic ; adjacent structures
Mechanical valve motion is best studied with what imaging technique?
A) 2D Echo
B) strain
C) bubble study
D) m- mode
D) M-mode
We use m-mode to look at mechanical valves because they give us a good idea of the valves?
Maximum/disc motion
A dehisced valve will move ___ to its attachment
Relative
What is pannus growth?
Host tissue overgrows on the valve
Often times prosthetic valves create artifacts & shadowing that can mask its____
Regurgitation jet
Often times prosthetic valves create artifacts & shadowing that can mask its Regurgitant jet.
Which prosthetic valve placement tends to have a higher effect of this masking?
Mitral valve
Which prosthetic valve is it easier to see its Regurgitant jet ?
Aortic valve
With a porcine valve within the RVIT. How many struts of the prosthetic valve are you usually able to see?
2
Prosthetic valves should be checked for ___ leaks around the ____ ring
Peri-prosthetic ; ring
Sometimes evaluating MR with a mechanical valve on TTE is difficult. What else can they do to see that MR?
TEE
With prosthetic valves always measure ___ & ___ gradients across ___ valves
Peak & mean ; all
Gradients with prosthetic valves may be higher with what singular valve?
Starr Edward’s ball and cage valve
The normal PHT for a mitral prosthetic valve is?
A)8mmhg
B)1-3msec
C)<170msec
D)>280msec
C
What is the general velocity for MV prosthetic valve?
1.5-3 m/sec velocity
What is the general gradient for MV prosthetic valve?
3-7mmhg
What is the general velocity for AV prosthetic valve?
2-3 m/sec velocity
What is the general gradient for AV prosthetic valve?
14-20mmhg
