Know It! Flashcards
What is a normal TAPSE ?
> or equal to 1.7cm
What’s a secondary finding of a BIcuspid AV?
Aortic coarcation
Which pulmonary vein is best seen in AP4?
Right & left lower! ( mostly the right)
How do you rotate the transducer to get 2 ch?
120 degrees counter clockwise
To visualize the CS in AP4 how should you tilt your transducer?
Posterior
Which valve sits at the opening of the coronary sinus?
Thesbein valve
With pulmonary vein Doppler how can you tell where you’re S is?
S wave occurs Right after the QRS
With pulmonary vein Doppler which represents atrial contraction?
A wave
What are some conditions for a TEE?
Aortic Dissections
Prosthetic valves
Source of a embolus
Thrombus
Endocarditis
At what temp is it unsafe to use a TEE probe?
40-45 degrees
What pulmonary vein do you se in a TEE at the LAA?
Left upper pulm vein
List the TEE views and their degrees?
Ap4- 0-10
Ap5-0-10
AP2 commissure- 50-70
Ap2 - 80-100
Ap3-120-180
What is the normal electrical activity of steps of the heart?
SA NODE
AV NODE
BUNDLE OF HIS
BRANCHES
PURKINJE FIBERS
Whats it called when a muscle cell is not excitable?
Absolute refractory period
What’s it called when a muscle cell may contract is the stimulus is strong enough?
Relative refractory phase 3
What’s the law regarding a length- tension relationship?
Frank starling law
What’s the calculation for SV?
EDV-ESV
What’s a normal SV range?
70-100ml
What’s the calculation for EF?
SV/EDV x 100
What’s a normal EF?
> 53%
What’s the calculation for CO?
SV x HR
What’s a normal CO range?
4-6L
Which modality doesn’t allow for EF calculation?
A) 2D echo
B) chest x-ray
C) cardiac angiogram
D) cardiac nuclear study
B) Chest x -ray
What the modified bernouli ?
P = 4v 2
The nyquist limit is ____ the PRF
1/2
Aliasing with PW Doppler occurs faster with a high or low frequency transducer?
With a high frequency transducer PW Doppler aliases faster
How do you eliminate aliasing on a PW Doppler?
Switch to continuous
How do you get the Doppler SV?
VTI x CSA
VTI is the trace of MV & AV in CW
CSA IS 0.785 x diamter
How do you get the CSA?
0.785 x diameter 2
What is the normal VTI trace for the MV?
12cm
What’s the normal VTI trace for AV in CW?
20cm
Inspiration increases?
Venous return
Expiration decreases?
Venous return
Standing up ____ venous return & SV
Decreases
Possible Echo findings in sarcoid heart disease include?
A) ASH
B) dilation of ascending aorta
C) concentric LVH
D) posterobasal aneurism
D
Clinical evidence of a porcine valve dysfunction is most likely to be seen when leaflets are thicker than?
A) 1mm
B) 2mm
C) 3mm
D 4mm
C)
Possible reasons for the development of MR following an acute MI include all except?
A) fibrosis of pap muscle
B) incomplete closure of MV
C) MVP
D) pap muscle rupture
C
With wolff- Parkinson’s white type B syndrome includes what details of the IVS?
Sharp brief systolic downward posterior dip of IVS
What’s the normal LV internal dimension at end/diastole by m-mode?
56mm
Which coronary artery has a branch called the circumflex artery?
LCA
Which formula is used to calculate peak gradient in coarctation of the aorta?
A) 220/PHT
B) P= 4v2
C) CSA x VTI
D) 4 (V2^2V1^2)
D
Echo findings for chronic TR include?
Paradoxical septal motion
When compared with angiographic volumes. Echo ventricular volumes are?
Smaller
The most common etiology of systemic hypertension is?
Idiopathic
In PLAX - severe As is defined as AV leaflet separation that measures?
A) < or equal to 8mm
B) < or equal to 10mm
C) > 14mm
D) < 12mm
A)< or equal to 8mm
TR leaflets that are found in a fixed semi -open position with diffuse thickening are found in?
A) cardiac hemochromatosis
B) Cardiax amyloidosis
C) carninoid heart disease
D) cardiac sarcoidosis
C
The best Doppler method for evaluating AV replacement is?
A) peak instaneous gradient
B) deceleration slope
C) PHT
D velocity ratio
D
A LA dimension of 68mm is described as?
Severely dilated
Turner’s syndrome is strongly associated with what disease?
Coarctation of the aorta
O2 sample is taken at the SVC at 74% and the RA at 88%. What best describes this?
A) PDA
D) VSD
C) ASD
D) MVP
C
Post stenosis dilation of the main pulmonary artery is a 2D echo findings for _____ stenosis
PA
Low frequency diastolic fluttering of the AV closure line on m-nor is a sound of?
Cusp rupture of flail AV leaflet
What maneuver increases obstruction in pt. With IHSS or Obstructive cardiomyopathy?
Valsalava
In pt. With MR. Cardiac cath measurements include all of the following except?
A) MVA
B) PA Area
C) PCWP
D) LV systolic/diastolic pressure
A
Squatting ______ vanish, return, stroke, volume and cardiac output
Increases
Squatting ___ Aortic regur & ___ IHSS
Increases; decreases
Hand gripping ____ heart rate,cardiac output & arterial pressure
Increases
Valsalva has two main phases. What are they?
Strain and release
During the straining phase of Valsalva it ____ venous return, stroke volume and cardiac output
Decreases
Most murmurs ____ during straining
Decrease
During the straining phase of Valsalva, does IHSS increase or decrease
Increase
During the release phase of Valsalva it _____ venous return cardiac output, and blood pressure
Increases
Do situps increase or decrease heart rate and blood flow?
Increase
What is a amyl nitrate?
Vasodilator
Amyl Nitrate is a ____ that ____ peripheral resistance and ____ heart rate
Vasodilator; decreases; increases
Inhalation of amyl nitrate ____ after load
Decreases ( because the drug is decreasing resistance, hence decreasing hypertrophy and decreasing afterload)
Draw wiggers diagram compare answers to page 32
Got it
When does the IVCT occur in an EKG?
After the R
When does IVRT occur in Ekg ?
After the T wave
What is the duration of IVRT
<100ms
The duration of Isovolumertic relaxation time will be increased with?
A) tachycardia
B) bradycardia
B
When is the LV volume highest?
End diastole
When is LA volume the highest?
And systole
What is the normal arterial pressure?
120/80
What’s the normal left atrial pressure?
10mmhg
What valve lives between the LV and aorta?
AV (av lives high)
Pulmonary hemodyamnics are ___pressure ___ resistance ___ 02 and have ___ RV walls
Low; low; ;low ;thin
Systemic hemodyamnics are ___pressure ___ resistance ___ 02 and have ___ LV walls
High; high; high; thick
____% of blood is plasma
54
___% of blood is RBC’s
45
_% of blood is platelets and white blood cells
1
Right sided pressures are approximately ___ of left sided pressure
1/5th
RA pressure is?
RV pressure is?
PA pressure is?
LA pressure is?
LV pressure is?
AV pressure is?
5mmhg
25mmhg
25mmhg
10mmhg
120mmhg
120mmhg
With angiography a ___ is injected while ___ films and record results
Contrast; cineaginography
