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psychology > knight - attachment > Flashcards

knight - attachment Flashcards

1
Q

What is attachment?

A

A close emotional bond between an infant and their caregiver

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2
Q

What are animal studies?

A

Studies carried out on non-human species rather than on humans either for ethical or practical reason

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3
Q

What is a practical reason that an animal study is conducted?

A

Animals breed faster and researchers may be interested in seeing results over generations

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4
Q

What is ethology?

A

The study of animal behaviour

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5
Q

What is imprinting (according to Lorenz’s geese study)?

A

Newly hatched geese attach to the first moving object they see

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6
Q

What is critical period according to Lorenz’s geese study?

A

Imprinting must occur within a few hours after birth

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7
Q

What is sexual imprinting?

A

Birds show courtship behaviour towards whatever species they imprint on

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8
Q

What are the two animal studies of attachment?

A
  1. Lorenz’s geese
  2. Harlow’s monkeys
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9
Q

What is the aim of Lorenz’s geese study?

A

investigate whether baby geese would imprint on humans

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10
Q

What was the procedures of Lorenz’s geese study?

A

Randomly split the eggs into half

Control group: Half the eggs were hatched with the mother goose in a natural environment

Experimental group: The other half was hatched in an incubator where the first living object they saw was lorenz

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11
Q

What are the findings of Lorenz’s geese study?

A

The control group followed the mother whereas the experimental group followed Lorenz

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12
Q

What are some evaluations for Lorenz’s geese study?

A
  • cannot be generalised
    -> humans are different to geese and human attachment involves a greater amount of emotion and can occur at other stages of life outside of infancy -_> this means that Lorenz’s findings are not truly representative of human behaviour
  • Imprinting may not have as permanent an effect on behaviour as Lorenz stated
    -> Guiton et al (1966) found that although chickens could be made to imprint on yellow washing up gloves, they would eventually learn to show appropriate mating behaviour to other chickens
    -> this challenges the validity of Lorenz’s observations.
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13
Q

What is the aim of Harlow’s monkeys study?

A

to investigate whether food or comfort was more important
when forming attachments

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14
Q

What was the procedure of Harlow’s monkeys study?

A

16 baby monkeys were reared with two wire model “mothers” (one was only made of wire and one was a softer and cuddlier as it was cloth covered.

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15
Q

What are the findings of Harlow’s monkeys study?

A

The monkeys would spend most time clinging to the cloth mother and occasionally feeding from the wire mother

-> when the monkeys were stressed by a mechanical toy banging a drum, the monkeys would always run to the cloth mum for safety suggesting an attachment

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16
Q

What are the conclusions of Harlow’s monkeys study?

A

The evidence suggested that warmth and comfort rather than food were more important in forming an attachment

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17
Q

What does Harlow’s monkeys study tell us about the importance of contact comfort in attachment in human babies?

A
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18
Q

What did Harlow find out about maternally deprived monkeys as adults?

A
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19
Q

What does Harlow’s monkeys study suggest about children who experience material deprivation?

A
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20
Q

What did Harlow find to be the critical period for attachment?

A
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21
Q

What is a weakness for Harlow’s monkeys study?

A
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22
Q

What are some strengths for Harlow’s monkeys study?

A

+ rhesus monkeys are used; much more similar to humans than birds

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23
Q

What are the two theories explaining attachment?

A
  1. learning theory of attachment
  2. Bowlby’s monotropic (evolutionary) theory
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24
Q

Who created the learning theory of attachment?

A

John Dollard and Neal Miller

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25
Q

What does the learning theory of attachment suggest and explain?

A

suggests that attachment is a learnt set of behaviours developed through the process of nurture
-> explains how infants learn to become attached to the caregiver who feeds them

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26
Q

What are the two parts of learning theory of attachment?

A
  1. classical conditioning
  2. operant conditioning
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27
Q

How does classical conditioning affect attachment?

A
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28
Q

How does operant conditioning affect attachment?

A
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29
Q

What are some evaluations of the learning theory of attachment?

A
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30
Q

What does Bowlby’s monotropic (evolutionary) theory state?

A
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31
Q

What does it mean if something is innate?

A
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32
Q

What is the critical period according to Bowlby?

A
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33
Q

What are social releasers?

A
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34
Q

What is the internal working model?

A
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35
Q

What is monotropy?

A
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36
Q

What are laws of continuity?

A
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37
Q

What is accumulated separation?

A
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38
Q

What is monotropy required to?

A
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39
Q

How does Harlow’s monkey study support Bowlby’s idea of the internal working model?

A
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40
Q

How does Lorenz’s geese study support Bowlby’s idea that attachment is innate?

A
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41
Q

Why should we be careful about generalising findings from animal studies to humans?

A
42
Q

How the Brazelton et el study support Bowlby’s ideas on social releasers?

A
43
Q

What are the types of observations?

A
  1. obvert
  2. covert
  3. participant
  4. non-participant
  5. controlled
  6. naturalistic
44
Q

What is overt observation?

A

participants know that they are being watched

45
Q

What is an advantage of overt observation?

A

ethically acceptable
-> informed consent is collected

46
Q

What is a disadvantage of overt observation?

A

behaviour might not be natural (order effects or demand characteristics)

47
Q

What is covert observation?

A

participants are unaware that they are observed

48
Q

What is an advantage of covert observation?

A

behaviour observed is more likely to be natural
-> participant reactivity
-> high validity

49
Q

What is a disadvantage of covert observation?

A

Ethical issues
-> informed consent is not collected

50
Q

What is participant observation?

A

Researcher becomes a participant

51
Q

What is an advantage of participant observation?

A

Allows the researcher to experience the situation
-> gains insight
-> increases validity

52
Q

What is a disadvantage of participant observation?

A

Researcher might identify too strongly with participants
-> lose objectivity
-> go nature

53
Q

What is non-participant observation?

A

Researcher remains outside the group

54
Q

What is an advantage of non-participant observation?

A

Allows researcher to maintain an objective psychological distance from participants
-> less likely to go native

55
Q

What is a disadvantage of non-participant observation?

A

Researcher might lose valuable insight as they are too far away from participants and their behaviour

56
Q

What is going native?

A

The line between being a researcher and being a participant becomes blurred

57
Q

What is controlled observation?

A

Behaviour of participants is observed within a structured environment

58
Q

What are some advantages of controlled observation?

A

+ extraneous variables are controlled
-> replicated more easily

+ can observe response to specific or sudden situations

59
Q

What is a disadvantage of controlled observation?

A

Findings produced cannot be applied or generalised to everyday life settings

60
Q

What is naturalistic observation?

A

Observing behaviour in a setting that the behaviour would normally occur in

61
Q

What is an advantage of naturalistic observation?

A

High external validity
-> can be generalised to everyday life

62
Q

What is a disadvantage of naturalistic observation?

A

Lack of control of research situation and extraneous variables
-> cannot be replicated easily

63
Q

What are behavioural categories?

A
64
Q

What is a record sheet?

A
65
Q

What is inter observer reliability?

A
66
Q

How is inter observer reliability ensured?

A
67
Q

What are the two types of sampling?

A
  1. event sampling
  2. time sampling
68
Q

What is event sampling?

A

A target behaviour or event is first established then the researcher records this event every time it occurs

eg. at a football match and counting the number of times the players disagree with the referee

69
Q

What is time sampling?

A

A target individual group is first established then the researcher records their behaviour in a fixed time frame

eg. if interested in one football player and making a note on the tally chart on what the individual is doing every second

70
Q

What are the two types of caregiver-infant interaction in humans?

A
  1. reciprocity
  2. interactional synchrony
71
Q

What is reciprocity?

A
72
Q

What is an example of reciprocity?

A
73
Q

Which study supports reciprocity?

A

Tronick et al

74
Q

What is Tronick et al’s study?

A
75
Q

Why is reciprocity important according to Brazelton?

A
76
Q

Why is reciprocity important according to Travethan?

A
77
Q

What is interactional synchrony?

A
78
Q

Which study supports interactional synchrony?

A

Meltzoff and Moore

79
Q

What is Meltzoff and Moore’s study?

A
80
Q

Why is reciprocity important according to Isabella et al?

A
81
Q

What are some weaknesses on research of caregiver infant interactions?

A
  • Culturally different

-Research in this area is socially sensitive
-> this has damaging implications for working mothers who have their children looked after by others
-> it suggests that it may be their fault if their children have trouble with relationships as they did not spend enough time with them when they were younger

82
Q

What is a strength on research of caregiver infant interactions?

A
  • Research in this area has greater validity
    -> it uses controlled observations which capture more detail and are less affected by extraneous variables that can affect naturalistic observations
    -> this means that observations of the baby’s behaviour are going to be more accurate
  • Practical applications like music therapists
  • Practical applications like Meltzoff and Moore
83
Q

How does reciprocity and interactional synchrony overlap?

A
84
Q

What are the roles of the father in attachment?

A
85
Q

What are some weaknesses of the research towards the roles of the father in attachment?

A
  • inconsistent findings
    -> some studies concluding that the father has a distinct role that is different to the mother whilst other studies finding that the father can take on the same maternal role as the mother
    -> this makes it difficult to accurately work out the precise role of the father
  • Research has found that single or same sex parent families produce children who are by no means less developed than conventional families
    -> the father plays less of a significant role as children without one do not develop any differently
  • Research is socially sensitive
    -> puts pressure on mothers being the primary caregiver and not return to work so soon
86
Q

What is the aim of Schaffer and Emerson’s study with the babies?

A
87
Q

What is the procedure of Schaffer and Emerson’s study with the babies?

A
88
Q

How did Schaffer and Emerson measure anxiety of the babies?

A
  1. Separation anxiety
  2. Stranger anxiety
89
Q

What is separation anxiety?

A
90
Q

What is stranger anxiety?

A
91
Q

What are the results of Schaffer and Emerson’s study with the babies?

A
92
Q

What is the conclusion of Schaffer and Emerson’s study with the babies?

A

Human attachments develop in four distinct stages?

93
Q

What are the four stages of attachment according to Schaffer?

A
  1. Asocial
  2. Indiscriminate attachment
  3. Specific attachment
  4. Multiple attachment
94
Q

When does asocial attachment occur?

A
95
Q

What is asocial attachment?

A
96
Q

When does indiscriminate attachment occur?

A
97
Q

What is indiscriminate attachment?

A
98
Q

When does specific attachment occur?

A
99
Q

What is specific attachment?

A
100
Q

When does multiple attachment occur?

A
101
Q

What is multiple attachment?

A
102
Q

What are some evaluations of Schaffer and Emerson’s four stages of attachment?

A

psychology (14 decks)

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