Knee and Leg Anatomy Flashcards by Jonathan Paul Ladera

Inferior to this groove in the lateral condyle is its weight bearing portion

Sulcus terminale

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Largest sesamoid bone in the body

patella

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Failure of superolateral portion to fuse, often confused with a fracture

bipartite patella

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Bone with the thickest articular cartilage (up to 5 mm)

Patella

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Traction apophysitis at open tibial tubercle apophysis

Osgood-Schlatter

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Insertion site of the band of iliotibial tract

Gerdy’s tubercle

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Nerve that can be injured in fibular fractures

Peroneal nerve

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Compartment pressure diagnostic of compartment pressures

Absolute: >30-40 mmHg

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Fracture characterized by complete disruption of tibiofibular syndesmosis with diastasis caused by external rotation of the talus and transmission of force to proximal fibula, resulting in high fracture of fibula

Maisonneuve fracture

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3 articulations in the knee

Medial and lateral femorotibial joints, patellofemoral joint

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What type of joint is femorotibial joint

Condyloid (hinge) joint

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What type of joint is patellofemoral joint

Sellar (gliding) joint

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Three compartments of the knee

Medial
Lateral
Patellofemoral

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Static stabilizers of the medial knee

Superficial and deep medial collateral ligaments

Posterior oblique ligament

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Dynamic stabilizers of the lateral knee

Semimebranosus, vastus medials, medial gastrocnemius, PES tendons

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Static stabilizers of the lateral knee

Lateral collateral ligament, iliotibial band, arcuate ligament

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Dynamic stabilizers of the lateral knee

popliteus, biceps femoris, lateral gastrocnemius

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Primary movements of the knee

Extension and flexion

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Structure that can become fibrotic or impinged on, causing knee pain in Hoffa syndrome

Infrapatellar fat pad

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Anterior structures of femorotibial joint

Anterior cruciate ligament
Transverse meniscal segment
Ligamentum mucosum
Infrapatellar fat pad

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Posterior structures of the femorotibial joint

Posterior cruciate ligament
Meniscofemoral ligament
Oblique popliteal ligament

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Lateral and posterolateral structures of the femorotibial joint

Layer I (Superficial) - iliotibial band, biceps femoris
Layer II (Middle) - lateral patellofemoral ligament, lateral patellar retinaculum
Layer III (Deep) - lateral collateral ligament, fabellofibular ligament, popliteus muscle and tendon, popliteofibular ligament, capsule, arcuate ligament

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Ligament of the knee that serves as the primary restraint to varus stress

Lateral collateral ligament

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Artery that passes between the superficial and deep lamina of the third layer of the posterolateral corner

inferior lateral geniculate artery

Medial structures of the femorotibial joint

``` Layer I (Superficial): sartorius, fascia Layer II (Middle): Superficial medial collateral, posterior oblique ligament, medial patellofemoral ligament, medial patellar retinaculum, semimembranosus Layer III (Deep): Deep Medial collateral, capsule ```

Primary restraint of the knee to valgus force

Superficial medial collateral ligament

Dominant type of collagen in meniscus of the knee

Type I collagen

Enumerate the microscopic characteristics of the three layers of meniscus

Superficial layer - finely woven collagen fiber Surface layer - randomly oriented fibers Middle (deepest layer) - circumferential, radial fibers

Will tears 2 mm from the capsular junction of the knee heal?

Yes. Red zone: <3 mm from CJ (most tears will heal) Red/white zone: 3-5 mm (some will heal) White zone: >5 mm from CJ (most will not heal)

Meniscus of the knee that is C-shaped, less mobile

Medial meniscus

Meniscus of the knee that is round shaped, more mobile

Lateral meniscus

Source of nutrition of the central avascular 2/3 of the menisci

Synovial fluid

Primary function of patellofemoral joint

Extension of the knee

Structures that comprise the patellofemoral joint

Quadriceps tendon, patellar tendon, patellofemoral ligaments, patellotibial, patellomeniscal, patellar retinaculum

Primary stabilizer of patella

patellofemoral ligament

Dynamic stabilizers of the patellofemoral joint

Quadriceps femoris, adductor magnus, ITB, vastus medialis and lateralis

Which is stronger, anterior OR posterior tibiofibular ligament?

Anterior tibiofibular ligament

Most sensitive test for ACL tear

Lachman test - flex knee 20-30 degrees, then exert anterior force on tibia. Laxity indicates ACL injury

Contents of the anterior compartment of the leg

deep peroneal nerve anterior tibial artery and vein Tibialis anterior, Extensor Hallucis Longus, Extensor digitorum longus, peroneus tertius Mnemonic (magjowa) DaPAT Every Hour Landi, Every Day Lambing, Parating Terno, Together Always,

Contents of the lateral compartment of the leg

Superficial peroneal nerve Peroneus longus Peroneus brevis Mnemonic (kabit) Super Pretty Pero Longing sa Partner ng iBa

Contents of the superficial posterior compartment

Soleus Gastrocnemius Plantaris Mnemonic (Superficial fling) Sobrang Gastos magPlay

Contents of the deep posterior compartment of the leg

``` Posterior tibialis Flexor hallucis longus Flexor digitorum longus Popliteus Tibial nerve ``` Posterior tibial artery and vein peroneal artery and vein Mnemonic (Deep relationship - wedding level) Muscles: Flex ang Hand, Flex ang Digits, Post ng Post ng Prenup Wala na ako maisip haha

Septum dissected in anterolateral approach fasciotomy

Intermuscular septum between anterior and lateral compartment

Septum dissected in medial approach in fasciotomy

Intermuscular septum between the superficial and deep posterior compartments

Insertion of all the muscles of the superficial posterior compartment of the leg

Calcaneus

Components of sural nerve

``` Medial sural (tibial nerve) Lateral sural (peroneal nerve) ```

Artery that supplies the lateral compartment of the leg

Peroneal artery

Compartment of the knee most commonly involved in osteoarthritis

Medial compartment

Softening or wear and tear of the articular cartilage of the patella

Chondoromalacia patellae

Structure in contact with the iliotibial tract in ITB syndrome Common with runners and cyclists

Iliotibial band syndrome

Inflammation of the prepatellar bursa due to trauma or overuse (i.e. prolonged kneeling)

Housemaid's knee

Terrible triad in injury of the knee

Meniscal tear, ACL rupture, MCL rupture

Most common knee tumor in adolescents

osteosarcoma

Most common knee tumor in adults

chondrosarcoma

Most common benign knee tumor in young adults

giant cell tumor

Age at which genu varum is physiologic

Ages 0-2

Age at which genu valgum is physiologic

Ages 2-5

Pathologic genu varum

Blount's disease