Basic Sciences

Question 1

Type of collagen dominantly present in osteoid

Answer 1

Type I - gives tensile strength

Question 2

Type of ossification where bone replaces a cartilage

Answer 2

Enchondral ossification

Question 3

Type of ossification usually present in long bones (except clavicle)

Answer 3

Enchondral ossification

Question 4

Type of ossification where bone directly develops from mesenchymal cells without cartilage

Answer 4

Intramembranous ossification

Question 5

Type of ossification where osteoblasts make new matrix/one on top of existing bone

Answer 5

Appositional ossification

Question 6

Disease caused by dysfunction of the proliferative zone of the physis

Answer 6

Achondroplasia

Question 7

Primary stimuli of PTH release

Answer 7

calcium - hypocalcemia triggers PTH release

Question 8

Diseases that result in failure to properly mineralize the bone matrix

Answer 8

Osteomalacia - adults

Rickets - children

Question 9

Disease caused by decrease in bone mass

Answer 9

Osteoporosis

Question 10

Type of bones commonly affected by osteoporosis - cancellous, cortical, or both?

Answer 10

cancellous

Question 11

Marble bone disease

Answer 11

osteopetrosis

Question 12

Type of pediatric fracture involving an open physis

Answer 12

Salter-Harris fracture

Question 13

Type of pediatric fracture involving an impacted cortex

Answer 13

Buckle/torus fracture

Question 14

Type of pediatric fracture with disruption of single cortex

Answer 14

Greenstick fracture

Question 15

Type of fracture resulting from a diseased bone/bone tumor

Answer 15

Pathologic fracture

Question 16

Enumerate Gustilo and Anderson classification of open fracture

Answer 16

Type 1 - Wound <1 cm
Type 2 -Wound >1cmone
Type 3A - Large wound with good soft tissue coverage
Type 3B - Large wound with exposed bone fragments, periostial stripping
Type 3C - Large wound with arterial injury

Question 17

3 Stages of Fracture Healing

Answer 17

1. Inflammation
2. Repair
3. Remodeling

Question 18

Structure that attaches 2 bones to each other

Answer 18

Ligament

Question 19

Age group where ligament is the weakest portion of joint

Answer 19

Adults - ligament is weakest so sprains are common
versus in pediatrics, where ligament is stronger than physis so physis is usually injured; in geriatrics, ligaments are stronger than bones so fractures are more common

Question 20

90% of the content of articular cartilage

Answer 20

Water

Question 21

Type of cartilage present in fibrocartilage

Answer 21

Type I

Question 22

Type of cartilage present in articular cartilage

Answer 22

Type II

Question 23

Radiographic features of osteoarthritis

Answer 23

1. joint space narrowing
2. osteophytes
3. subchondral sclerosis
4. subchondral cysts

Question 24

Radiographic features of rheumatoid arthritis

Answer 24

1. joint space narrowing
2. osteopenia
3. bone/joint erosion

Question 25

Synovial fluid analysis finding of gout

Answer 25

negatively birefringent crystals

Question 26

Synovial fluid analysis finding of pseudogout

Answer 26

weakly positive birefringent crystals

Question 27

Reiter's Syndrome triad

Answer 27

1. Urethritis 2. Conjunctivitis 3. Arthritis

Question 28

Covering of fascicles of nerve

Answer 28

Perineurium

Question 29

One or more fascicles covered by epineurium

Answer 29

Peripheral nerve

Question 30

Receptors that dominantly transmit pressure

Answer 30

Pacinian corpuscle Pacinian for Pressure

Question 31

Autosomal dominant demyelinating disorder affecting motor>sensory nerves

Answer 31

Charcot-Marie-Tooth Peroneals, hand, and foot intrinsics are commonly affected

Question 32

Categories of nerve injury

Answer 32

Neurapraxia - local myelin damage Axonotmesis -disruption of axon and myelin Neurotmesis - complete disruption of nerve

Question 33

Disease of relative shortage of acetylcholine receptors due to competitive binding of thymus derived antibodies

Answer 33

Myasthenia gravis

Question 34

In sarcomere, the only band that does not change in length with contraction

Answer 34

A band - length of thick filament Other bands: I band: actin only H band: myosin only

Question 35

Type of contraction where muscle tension and resistance are the same throughout the contraction

Answer 35

Isotonic

Question 36

Type of contraction where muscle length is constant, but resistance changes

Answer 36

Isometric

Question 37

Type of isotonic contraction where muscle elongates as it contracts

Answer 37

Eccentric

Question 38

Type of isotonic contraction where muscle shortens as it contracts

Answer 38

Concentric

Question 39

Type of contraction where muscle contracts at constant velocity; best for muscle strengthening

Answer 39

Isokinetic

Question 40

5 Ps of compartment syndrome

Answer 40

Pain (most sensitive), paresthesias, pallor, paralysis, pulselessness (a late finding)