Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

ANATOMY > KNEE > Flashcards

KNEE Flashcards

1
Q

KNEE - ROM

A
  • Flexion - 150
  • Extension - 0 to -5
  • Internal rotation - 5
  • External rotation - 5
  • Knee must be flexed 90 to assess rotation
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

KNEE - MYOTOMES

A
  • Hip flexion - L1, L2, L3 - femoral nerve
  • Knee extension - L3, L4 - femoral nerve
  • Knee flexion - L4, L5, S1, S2 - sciatic nerve
  • Ankle dorsiflexion - L4, L5 - deep peroneal nerve
  • Ankle inversion - L4, L5 - tibial nerve, deep peroneal nerve
  • Ankle eversion - L5, S1 - superior peroneal nerve
  • Big toe extension - L5, S1 - deep peroneal nerve
  • Big toe flexion - L5, S1 - tibial nerve
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

KNEE - ORTHO TESTS - SCREENING

A
  • SCREENING - Heel walk, toe walk; Disco test
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

KNEE - ORTHO TESTS - PATELLA

A
  • PATELLA - Ballottment; Bulge/sweep; Noble test; Medial/lateral apprehension test, Clarks test
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

KNEE - ORTHO TESTS - PLICA SYNDROME

A
  • PLICA SYNDROME - Stutter test, Houston’s plica test
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

KNEE - ORTHO TESTS - MENISCUS

A
  • MENISCUS - McMurray’s test, Apley’s compression, Apley’s distraction
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

KNEE - ORTHO TESTS - LIGAMENT STRESS

A
  • LIGAMENT STRESS - Valgus/varus stress test, anterior/posterior drawer test, Lachman’s test
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

KNEE - JOINT TYPE

A
  • Modified hinge - tibiofemoral (largest and most complex joint in the body)
  • Gliding - patellofemoral
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

KNEE - ARTICULAR SURFACES

A
  • Tibiofemoral - concave (tibial plateau) on convex (femoral condyles)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

KNEE - MAIN MUSCLE ACTIONS - FLEXION

A
  • FLEXION - semitendinosus, semimembranosus, biceps femoris (hamstrings)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

KNEE - MAIN MUSCLE ACTIONS - EXTENSION

A
  • EXTENSION - vastus medialis, vastus lateralis, vastus intermedius, rectus femoris (quadriceps)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

KNEE - MAIN MUSCLE ACTIONS - INTERNAL ROTATION

A
  • INTERNAL ROTATION (tibia) - popliteus with pes anseurine muscles (knee flexed)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

KNEE - MAIN MUSCLE ACTIONS - EXTERNAL ROTATION

A
  • EXTERNAL ROTATION (tibia) - biceps femoris
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

KNEE - RESTING POSITION

A

Tibiofemoral: flexion - 25

Patellofemoral: full extension (straight leg)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

KNEE - CLOSED PACKED POSITION

A

Tibiofemoral: full extension and external tibial rotation

Patellofemoral: full flexion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

KNEE - NORMAL END FEEL

A

FLEXION - soft tissue or bony approximation

EXTENSION - elastic/firm

SLR - elastic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

KNEE - ABNORMAL END FEEL

A

Boggy = joint effusion; ligamentous pathology

Springy block = loose body (displaced meniscus)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

KNEE - OPEN KINEMATIC CHAIN

A

Tibiofemoral

  • Flexion - tibia rolls and glides posterior on femur
  • Extension - tibia rolls and glides anterior on femur

Patellofemoral

  • Flexion - inferior patella glide on femur
  • Extension - superior patella glide on femur
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

KNEE - CLOSED KINEMATIC CHAIN

A

Tibiofemoral

  • Flexion - femur rolls and glides posterior on femur (squatting)
  • Extension - femur rolls and glides anterior on femur (moving from seated to standing)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

KNEE - PATELLFEMORAL LOADING PATTERNS

A
  • Walking - 0.3x body weight
  • Up strairs - 2.5x bodyweight
  • Down stairs - 3.5x bodyweight
  • Squatting - 7x body weight
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

KNEE - CONDITIONS - ACL TEAR

A

Hx - direct trauma with valgus or hyperextension stress, audible ‘pop’; playing sport with quick stops or sharp cutting on non-slip surface (b-ball or soccer)
S&S - severe joint effusion +ve anterior drawer; +ve Lachman tes
DDx - often associated with MCL and medial meniscus injury

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

KNEE - CONDITIONS - MCL TEAR

A

Hx - direct trauma with valgus stress, audible ‘pop’, medial knee pain
S&S - local tenderness to palpation; +ve valgus stress test
DDx - often associated with ACL and medial meniscus injury

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

KNEE - CONDITIONS - LCL TEAR

A

Hx - direct trauma with varus stress, audible ‘pop’ lateral knee pain
S&S - local tenderness to palpation, +ve varus stress test
DDx - ITB friction rub

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

KNEE - CONDITIONS - PCL TEAR

A

Hx - direct trauma with posterior or anterior stress, audible ‘pop’
S&S - +ve posterior drawer, +ve reverse Lachman’s
DDx - often associated with ACL and meniscus injury

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

KNEE - CONDITIONS - CHONDROMALACIA PATELLAE

A

Hx - prior trauma, retropatellar pain, worse with prolonged walking, going down stairs, crepitus/grinding in knee
S&S - +ve patella grind, abnormal tracking
DDx - condition is effectively patellofemoral DJD, meniscuc tear, knee DJD

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

KNEE - CONDITIONS - MENISCUS TEAR

A

Hx - painful click or snapping, deep joint line pain, joint locking
S&S - local tenderness to palpation; +ve McMurray’s, +ve Apley’s compression/distraction; +ve Thessaly test
DDx - MCL & ACL tear (may occur in conjunction)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

KNEE - CONDITIONS - OSGOOD-SCHLATTER DISEASE

A

Hx - active pre-teens/teens - insidious onset after intense activity
S&S - focal tenderness, swelling, red, pain with PROM, pain brought on by activity, will be able to point to the pain
DDx - osteochondroma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

KNEE - CONDITIONS - ITB FRICTION TEST

A

Hx - recent increase in running distance, intensity, frequency or duration, lateral knee pain
S&S - local tenderness, +ve Noble test, +ve Ober’s
DDx - LCL tear, pes planes and genu varum may predispose to condition

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

KNEE - CONDITIONS - PLICA SYNDROME

A

Hx - pain over lateral or medial condyle, snapping sensation
S&S - tender band or cord from patella to condyle, +ve active stutter, Houston’s test
DDx - ITB friction rub, arthroscopy is the gold standard for diagnosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

KNEE - ORTHO TESTS - ANTERIOR DRAWER TEST

A
  • Pt supine
  • Knee bent 90
  • Examiner stabilises foot by sitting on foot and places thumbs over the anterior knee joint line
  • Examiner pulls the tibia anteriorly
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

KNEE - ORTHO TESTS - ANTERIOR DRAWER TEST - POSITIVE TEST

A

ACL sprain

  • Pain

ACL rupture

  • Excessive motion
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

KNEE - ORTHO TESTS - ANTERIOR DRAWER TEST - SN & SP

A

SN: 54

SP: 97

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

KNEE - ORTHO TESTS - APLEY’S COMPRESSION TEST

A
  • Pt prone
  • Knee flexed 90
  • Examiner applies downward force on the foot and rotates internally/externally
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

KNEE - ORTHO TEST - APLEY’S COMPRESSION TEST - POSITIVE TEST

A

Meniscal damage

  • Pain or crepitus with compression and rotation, which is relieved by knee distraction
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

KNEE - ORTHO TEST - APLEY’S COMPRESSION TEST - SN & SP

A

SN: 13-16

SP: 86-100

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

KNEE - ORTHO TEST - APLEY’S DISTRACTION

A
  • Pt prone
  • Knee flexed 90
  • Examiner stabilises pt thigh by placing knee over the pt’s distal posterior thigh
  • Examiner then applies long axis distraction above the malleoli at the ankle (pulls up)
  • Examiner then internally and externally rotates the knee
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

KNEE - ORTHO TEST - APLEY’S DISTRACTION - POSITIVE TEST

A

Capsule/ligamentous lesion at the knee, collateral ligament sprain

  • Pain with distraction

Meniscal lesion

  • Decreased pain following distraction
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

KNEE - ORTHO TEST - APLEY’S DISTRACTION - SN & SP

A

SN: 13-16

SP: 86-100

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

KNEE - ORTHO TEST - CLARKE’S SIGN

A
  • Pt supine with leg straight
  • Examiner compresses the quadriceps muscle 2cm (1 inch) above the superior pole of the patella
  • Pt is then instructed to contract the quadriceps muscle
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

KNEE - ORTHO TEST - CLARKE’S SIGN - POSITIVE TEST

A

Chrondromalacia patella, degeneration of the patellofemoral joint

  • Retropatellar pain
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

KNEE - ORTHO TEST - EGE’S TEST

A
  • Pt standing
  • Feet approx 30cm apart and legs maximally internally rotated
  • Pt attempts a full squat
  • Repeat with pt legs externally rotated
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

KNEE - ORTHO TEST - EGE’S TEST - POSITIVE TEST

A

Lateral meniscus tear

  • Pain, inability to perform test, audible clicking or crepitus with internal rotation

Medial meniscus tear

  • Pain, inability to perform test, audible clicking or crepitus with external rotation
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

KNEE - ORTHO TEST - EGE’S TEST - SN & SP

A

SN: 64-67

SP: 81-90

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

KNEE - ORTHO TEST - LACHMAN’S TEST

A
  • Pt supine with knee bent 15-30
  • Lachman’s anterior
    • Examiner stabilises pt femur with one hand
    • Examiner pulls the tibia anteriorly with the other hand
  • Lachman’s posterior
    • Examiner stabilises pt femur with one hand
    • Examiner pushes the tibia posteriorly with the other hand
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

KNEE - ORTHO TEST - LACHMAN’S TEST - POSITIVE TEST

A

ACL sprain

  • Pain with normal anterior translation

ACL rupture

  • Pain with increased anterior translation

PCL sprain

  • Pain with normal posterior translation

PCL rupture

  • Pain with increased posterior translation
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

KNEE - ORTHO TEST - LACHMAN’S TEST - SN & SP

A

SN: 63-99

SP: 42-100

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

KNEE - ORTHO TEST - MCMURRAY’S TEST

A
  • Pt supine or side lying
  • Hip flexed 90 and knee flexed 90
  • Examiner stabilises pt knee over distal quads and grips pt heel with the other hand
  • Examiner applies long axis compression
  • Examiner then rotates the tibia internally while applying a varus force and straighten leg
  • Repeat by rotating the tibia externally while applying a valgus force and straighten leg
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

KNEE - ORTHO TEST - MCMURRAY’S TEST - POSITIVE TEST

A

Meniscal lesion

  • Pain or crepitus
  • Valgus force with external rotation = lateral meniscus
  • Varus force with internal rotation = medial meniscus
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

KNEE - ORTHO TEST - MCMURRAY’S TEST - SN & SP

A

SN: 16-67

SP: 69-98

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

KNEE - ORTHO TEST - NOBLE COMPRESSION TEST

A
  • Pt supine or side lying
  • Examiner applies lateral to medial pressure over pt lateral epicondyle with thumb
  • Examiner slowly passively flexes and extends the leg 3-4 times
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

KNEE - ORTHO TEST - NOBLE COMPRESSION TEST - POSITIVE TEST

A

ITB syndrome

  • Pain over the lateral femoral epicondyle
  • Palpable tendon snapping
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
52
Q

KNEE - ORTHO TEST - BALLOTTMENT’S TEST

A
  • Pt supine with leg straight
  • Examiner strokes the medial side of the patella while simultaneously stroking the lateral side of the patella downward (both going towards the patella)
  • Repeat 2-3 times
  • Apply gentle pressure to the patella palpating for motion
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
53
Q

KNEE - ORTHO TEST - BALLOTTMENT’S TEST - POSITIVE TEST

A

Internal derangement, ligament sprain or rupture, vascular damage, fracture

  • Fluid accumulation at the inferior medial border of the patella

Intra-articular knee swelling

  • Increased motion or spongy joint feel
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
54
Q

KNEE - ORTHO TEST - POSTERIOR DRAWER TEST

A
  • Pt supine
  • Knee bent 90
  • Examiner places thumbs over the anterolateral and anteromedial knee joint line
  • Examiner pushes the tibia posteriorly
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
55
Q

KNEE - ORTHO TEST - POSTERIOR DRAWER TEST - POSITIVE TEST

A

PCL sprain or rupture

  • Pain
  • Increased motion
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
56
Q

KNEE - ORTHO TEST - POSTERIOR DRAWER TEST - SN & SP

A

SN: 22-100

SP: 99

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
57
Q

KNEE - ORTHO TEST - VALGUS STRESS TEST

A
  • Pt supine with legs straight
  • Examiner stabilises medial ankle and applies a lateral to medial (valgus) force at the knee
  • Repeat again with the knee flexed to 25 degrees
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
58
Q

KNEE - ORTHO TEST - VALGUS STRESS TEST - POSITIVE TEST

A

MCL sprain

  • Pain

MCL rupture

  • Increased motion/gapping
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
59
Q

KNEE - ORTHO TEST - VALGUS STRESS TEST - SN & SP

A

SN: 86-100

SP: 100

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
60
Q

KNEE - ORTHO TEST - VARUS STRESS TEST

A
  • Pt supine with legs straight
  • Examiner stabilises lateral ankle and applies a medial to lateral (varus) force at the knee
  • Repeat again with the knee flexed to 25 degrees
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
61
Q

KNEE - ORTHO TEST - VARUS STRESS TEST - POSITIVE TEST

A

LCL sprain

  • Pain

LCL rupture

  • Increased motion/gapping
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
62
Q

KNEE - ORTHO TEST - VARUS STRESS TEST - SN & SP

A

SN: 0-89

SP: 48-100

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
63
Q

KNEE - DEFORMITIES OF THE KNEE

A
  • Bow legs - legs that curve outwards at the knee
  • Knock knees - legs that curve inwards at the knee
  • Can be caused by Rickets, Injury, Infection or an Inherent growth disorder
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
64
Q

KNEE - LESIONS OF THE MENISCI

A
  • Medial less mobile than lateral, more liable to tearing when subjected to abnormal stresses
  • Grinding forces split the fibres of the meniscus
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
65
Q

KNEE - LESIONS OF THE MENISCI - POPULATION AFFECTED

A
  • Pt usually young who sustains a twisting injury to knee
  • Or elderly - Horizontal tears usually degenerative or due to repetitive minor trauma
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
66
Q

KNEE - LESIONS OF THE MENISCI - CLINICAL PRESENTATION

A
  • Swelling appears after a few hours or the following day
  • Sometimes knee gives way spontaneously and is followed by pain and swelling
  • Pts over 40 may not remember original injury, main complaint will be giving way and locking
  • On examination joint may be held slightly flexed
  • Quads wasted
  • Tenderness on joint line, on medial side in vast majority
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
67
Q

KNEE - OSTEOCHONDRITIS DISSICANS

A
  • A piece of the bone partially or fully separates from the end of the bone that forms a joint. As the piece of the bone dies, the cartilage covering it cracks, and both may break loose.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
68
Q

KNEE - OSTEOCHONDRITIS DISSICANS - CAUSE

A
  • lack of blood supply to the area.
  • Trauma, either singular impact with the edge of the patella or repeated contact with an adjacent tibial ridge
69
Q

KNEE - OSTEOCHONDRITIS DISSICANS - CLINICAL PRESENTATION

A
  • Intermittent ache or swelling
  • Later attacks of giving way and the knee feels unreliable
  • Quads wasted
  • Joint slightly swollen
  • Limited ROM
  • Tenderness localised to femoral condyle
70
Q

KNEE - LOOSE BODIES

A
  • Small fragments of articular cartilage that break off in the knee joint as a result of a knee injury or degeneration.
  • Loose bodies float around within the knee joint and cause pain, catching, locking, or swelling depending upon where the fragments migrate.
  • Behind the patella
  • Injury – chip of bone or cartilage
  • Osteochondritis dissecans – may produce one or two fragments
  • Osteoarthritis – pieces of cartilage or osteophytes
71
Q

KNEE - RECURRENT DISLOCATION OF THE PATELLA

A
  • Due to disruption/stretching of surrounding ligaments, which normally stabilise the joint.
72
Q

KNEE - RECURRENT DISLOCATION OF THE PATELLA - CAUSE

A
  • Repeated dislocation damages articular surfaces of the patella and femoral condyle
  • This may result in further flattening the condyle and therefore further dislocations
73
Q

KNEE - RECURRENT DISLOCATION OF THE PATELLA - RISK FACTORS

A
  • Generalised ligamentous laxity
  • Valgus deformity of the knees
  • External tibial torsion
74
Q

KNEE - RECURRENT DISLOCATION OF THE PATELLA - CLINICAL PRESENTATION

A
  • From time to time knee gives way and P falls
  • May be accompanied by pain and knee stays in flexion
  • Dislocation almost always to the lateral side
  • Usually tenderness on the medial side of the joint
  • Later the joint becomes swollen
75
Q

KNEE - CHONDROMALACIA PATELLA

A
  • Breakdown of cartilage on the underside of the kneecap - Repetitive mechanical overload of the patellofemoral joint
76
Q

KNEE - CHONDROMALACIA PATELLA - CLINICAL PRESENTATION

A
  • Anterior knee pain (pain under knee-cap)
  • Symptoms aggravated by activity, climbing stairs or when sitting or standing for a long period of time
  • Quads wasted
  • Patella femoral pain is elicited by pressing the patella against the femur and asking P to contract the quads (Clark’s)
77
Q

KNEE - TIBIAL TUBEROSITY ‘APOPHYSITIS’

A
  • Pain and swelling of tibial tubercle
78
Q

KNEE - TIBIAL TUBEROSITY ‘APOPHYSIYIS’ - CLINICAL PRESENTATION

A
  • Tibial tuberosity unusually prominent and tender
  • Sometimes active extension of the knee against resistance is also painful
  • X-rays show displacement of tibial apophysis
79
Q

KNEE - CHRONIC LIBAMENTOUS INSTABILITY

A

3 types of tibiofemoral instability:

  1. sideways tilt, varus or valgus
  2. Excessive glid, forwards or backwards
  3. Unstable rotation.
    - Ligament injury, from strain to ruptures
80
Q

KNEE - PATELLAR TENDINOPATHY

A
  • Common soft tissue injury which can cause pain in the patellar tendon. It can also cause stiffness and weakness around the knee.
  • Overuse injury, which means it can develop after repeated stress on your patellar tendon.
81
Q

KNEE - PREPATELLAR BURSITIS

A
  • Inflammation of the bursa in the front of the patella.
  • Occurs when the bursa becomes irritated and produces too much fluid, which causes it to swell and put pressure on the adjacent parts of the knee.
  • Can result from frequent kneeling or from acute trauma to the anterior knee. E.g. Plumbers, roofers, carpet layers and gardeners.
82
Q

KNEE - MEDIAL/LATERAL COLLATERAL LIGAMENT STRAIN

A
  • Ligaments are stretched but not torn. The MCL is the most commonly injured knee ligament.
83
Q

KNEE - MEDIAL/LATERAL COLLATERAL LIGAMENT STRAIN - CAUSE

A
  • Following trauma - Contact sports
  • Report of history of twisting injury with pop or snap
84
Q

KNEE - MEDIAL/LATERAL COLLATERAL LIGAMENT STRAIN - CLINICAL PRESENTATION

A
  • Medial knee pain after trauma to the lateral side of the knee or lower leg or a fall with a valgus moment.
  • Pain may be worse with weight bearing, and an effusion may be present.
  • There may be a sense of knee instability or “giving way” with high-grade MCL sprains.
  • Tenderness on medial side of the knee
  • Most painful when knee is in 20-30deg of flexion
85
Q

KNEE - TORN MENISCUS

A
  • Can be acute or chronic degenerative tears.
86
Q

KNEE - TORN MENISCUS - ACUTE VS CHRONIC CAUSE

A
  • Acute - Pt will report a rotational or “twisting” injury to the flexed knee that often results in an audible “pop” with concurrent localised sharp pain.
  • Chronic - older Pts, result of degenerative changes in the meniscus that are typical of aging.
87
Q

KNEE - TORN MENISCUS - CLINICAL PRESENTATION

A
  • Knee catching or locking, resulting in difficulties with flexion and extension.
  • With large tears, the knee can become locked in flexion and the patient may be unable to straighten the knee
  • Pain when squatting or pivoting.
  • Tenderness to palpation along the joint line in the area of the tear
88
Q

KNEE - PES ANSERINE BURSITIS

A
  • Located on the medial side of the knee at the proximal tibia.
  • Overuse injury, occasionally trauma involved.
89
Q

KNEE - PES ANSERINE BURSITIS - POPULATION AFFECTED

A
  • Common in patients aged 50-80 years who have osteoarthritis of the knees
90
Q

KNEE - PES ANSERINE - CLINICAL PRESENTATION

A
  • Medial-sided knee pain
  • There is tenderness to palpation at the proximal medial tibia, at the attachment of the pes anserine tendons.
91
Q

KNEE - KNEE EFFUSION

A
  • Swollen knee
  • Excess fluid collects in or around the knee joint
92
Q

KNEE - BAKER’S CYST

A
  • Fluid-filled growth behind the knee. It causes a bulge and a feeling of tightness
  • Inflammation of the knee joint, which can occur with various types of arthritis
93
Q

KNEE - BAKER’S CYST - CAUSE

A
  • A knee injury, such as a cartilage tear
94
Q

KNEE - BAKER’S CYST - CLINICAL PRESENTATION

A
  • Swelling behind the knee, and sometimes in the leg
  • Knee pain
  • Stiffness and inability to fully flex the knee
  • The symptoms may be worse after you’ve been active or if you’ve been standing for a long time.
95
Q

KNEE - AROM - FLEXION - MUSCLES ACTIVATED

A

Semitendinosus
Semimembranosus
Biceps femoris
Popliteus
Sartorius

96
Q

KNEE - AROM - FLEXION - TISSUES STRETCHED

A

Quadriceps
Femoral nerve

97
Q

KNEE - AROM - FLEXION - TISSUES COMPRESSED

A

Popliteal fossa structure - popliteal artery, tibial nerve)
Patella compressed into femoral condyles

98
Q

KNEE - AROM - EXTENSION - MUSCLES ACTIVATED

A

Vastus medialis
Vastus lateralis
Vastus intermedius
Rectus femoris

99
Q

KNEE - AROM - EXTENSION - TISSUES STRETCHED

A

Semitendinosus
Semimembranosus
Biceps femoris
Popliteus
Gastrocnemius
Sciatic nerve

100
Q

KNEE - AROM - EXTENSION - TISSUES COMPRESSED

A

Anterior knee structures

101
Q

KNEE - AROM - INTERNAL ROTATION - MUSCLES ACTIVATED

A

Semitendinosus
Semimembranosus
Sartorius
Popliteus

102
Q

KNEE - AROM - INTERNAL ROTATION - TISSUES STRETCHED

A

Biceps femoris
Anterolateral joint capsule

103
Q

KNEE - AROM - INTERNAL ROTATION - TISSUES COMPRESSED

A

Posteromedial joint capsule

104
Q

KNEE - AROM - EXTERNAL ROTATION - MUSCLES ACTIVATED

A

Biceps femoris

105
Q

KNEE - AROM - EXTERNAL ROTATION - TISSUES STRETCHED

A

Semitendinosus
Semimembranosus
Sartorius
Popliteus
Posteromedial joint capsule

106
Q

KNEE - AROM - EXTERNAL ROTATION - TISSUES COMPRESSED

A

Anterolateral joint capsule

107
Q

SARTORIUS - ORIGIN

A

ASIS

108
Q

SARTORIUS - INSERTION

A

Proximal anteromedial tibia (pes anserine)

109
Q

SARTORIUS - ACTION

A

Flexion, abduction and lateral rotation of hip joint
Flexion of knee joint
Anterior pelvic tilt

110
Q

SARTORIUS - INNERVATION

A

Femoral nerve (L2-L3)

111
Q

SARTORIUS - TRIGGER POINT REFERRAL

A

Upper muscle - refers pain to the upper anterior thigh and inguinal region
Middle muscle - refers pain over ther anterior muscle thigh
Lower muscle - refers pain over medial thigh and knee

112
Q

SARTORIUS - STRETCH

A

Extend, adduct and medially rotate thigh

113
Q

SARTORIUS - STRENGHTNEN

A

Resisted abduction and flexion
Side lying leg raise
45 degree leg raised Figure 8 in air with legs

114
Q

RECTUS FEMORIS - ORIGIN

A

Anterior heas - ASIS
Posterior head - superior to rim of acetabulum (supra-acetabular groove)

115
Q

RECTUS FEMORIS - INSERTION

A

Tibial tuberosity (via common quadriceps tendon and patella ligament)

116
Q

RECTUS FEMORIS - ACTION

A

Extension of knee
Flexion of hip

117
Q

RECTUS FEMORIS - INNERVATION

A

Femoral nerve (L2-L4)

118
Q

RECTUS FEMORIS - TRIGGER POINT REFERRAL

A

Pain is referred over anterior distal thigh and over the patella

119
Q

RECTUS FEMORIS - STRETCH

A

Lying prone, place something under your flexed knee and pull heel to bum and extend hip

120
Q

RECTUS FEMORIS - STRENGHTEN

A

Resisted knee extension
Squat
Lunge
Split squat
Step up

121
Q

VASTUS LATERALIS - ORIGIN

A

Lateral lip of linea aspera

122
Q

VASTUS LATERALIS - INSERTION

A

Tibial tuberosity (via common quadriceps tendon and patella ligament)

123
Q

VASTUS LATERALIS - ACTION

A

Extension of knee joint

124
Q

VASTUS LATERALIS - INNERVATION

A

Femoral nerve (L2-L4)

125
Q

VASTUS LATERALIS - TRIGGER POINT REFERRAL

A

Pain is referred over the lateral thigh, both superiorly from the site of the trigger point

126
Q

VASTUS LATERALIS - STRETCH

A

Standing, pull ankle to buttock (consider pulling leg medially to further stretch lateral fibres)

127
Q

VASTUS LATERALIS - STRENGTHEN

A

Resisted knee extension
Squat
Lunge
Split squat
Step up

128
Q

VASTUS INTERMEDIUS - ORIGIN

A

Anterior lateral surface of femur

129
Q

VASTUS INTERMEDIUS - INSERTION

A

Tibial tuberosity (via common quadriceps tendon and patella ligament)

130
Q

VASTUS INTERMEDIUS - ACTION

A

Extension of knee

131
Q

VASTUS INTERMEDIUS - INNERVATION

A

Femoral nerve (L2-L4)

132
Q

VASTUS INTERMEDIUS - TRIGGER POINT REFERRAL

A

Pain is referred over the anterior thigh in a ‘3-pronged’ area that extends distally along the midline, medially and laterally

133
Q

VASTUS INTERMEDIUS - STRETCH

A

Standing, pull ankle to buttock

134
Q

VASTUS INTERMEDIUS - STRENGTHEN

A

Resisted knee extension
Squat
Lunge
Split squat
Step up

135
Q

VASTUS MEDIALIS - ORIGIN

A

Medial lip of linea aspera (intertrochanteric line)

136
Q

VASTUS MEDIALIS - INSERTION

A

Tibial tuberosity (via common quadriceps tendon and patella ligament)

137
Q

VASTUS MEDIALIS - ACTION

A

Extension of knee

138
Q

VASTUS MEDIALIS - INNERVATION

A

Femoral nerve (L2-L4)

139
Q

VASTUS MEDIALIS - TRIGGER POINT REFERRAL

A

Pain is referred over the medial thigh, both superiorly and inferiorly from the site of the trigger point
May produce ‘tooth-like’ pain deep in the knee joint

140
Q

VASTUS MEDIALIS - STRETCH

A

Standing, pull ankle to buttock (consider pulling leg laterally to further stretch medial fibres)

141
Q

VASTUS MEDIALIS - STRENGTHEN

A

Resisted knee extension
Squat
Lunge
Split squat
Step up

142
Q

SEMITENDINOSUS - ORIGIN

A

Ischial tuberoisty

143
Q

SEMITENDINOSUS - INSERTION

A

Proximal anterior medial tibia (pes anserine)

144
Q

SEMITENDINOSUS - ACTION

A

Flexion of knee
Extension of hip
Medial rotation of knee (tibia) when knee is flexed

145
Q

SEMITENDINOSUS - INNERVATION

A

Sciatic nerve, tibial division (L5-S2)

146
Q

SEMITENDINOSUS - TRIGGER POINT REFERRAL

A

Generally pain is referred upward to the lower gluteal region
Pain can also be referred inferiorly over the upper medial calf

147
Q

SEMITENDINOSUS - STRETCH

A

Standing, extend back, anteriorly tilt pelvis and flex thighs, externally rotate hips to further stretch medial fibres

148
Q

SEMITENDINOSUS - STRENGTHEN

A

Resisted hip extension or knee flexion
Leg curls
Straight-leg dead-lift

149
Q

SEMIMEMBRANOSUS - ORIGIN

A

Ischial tuberosity

150
Q

SEMIMEMBRANOSUS - INSERTION

A

Medial tibial condyle (posterior medial aspect)

151
Q

SEMIMEMBRANOSUS - ACTION

A

Flexion of knee
Extension of hip
Medial rotation of knee (tibia) when knee is flexed

152
Q

SEMIMEMBRANOSUS - INNERVATION

A

Sciatic nerve, tibial division (L5-S2)

153
Q

SEMIMEMBRANOSUS - TRIGGER POINT REFERRAL

A

Generally pain is referred upward to the lower gluteal region
Pain can also be referred inferiorly over the upper medial calf

154
Q

SEMIMEMBRANOSUS - STRETCH

A

Standing, extend back, anteriorly tilt pelvis and flex thighs, externally rotate hips to further stretch medial fibres

155
Q

SEMIMEMBRANOSUS - STRENGTHEN

A

Resisted hip extension or knee flexion
Leg curls
Straight-leg dead-lift

156
Q

BICEPS FEMORIS - ORIGIN

A

Long head - ischial tuberosity
Short head - lateral lip of linea aspera

157
Q

BICEPS FEMORIS - INSERTION

A

Head of fibula

158
Q

BICEPS FEMORIS - ACTION

A

Flexion of the knee (long and short head)
Extension of hip joint (long head)
Laterally rotation of the knee (tibia) when the knee is flexed

159
Q

BICEPS FEMORIS - INNERVATION

A

Sciatic nerve (long head = tibial division (L5-S2)) (short head = common peroneal division (S1-S2))

160
Q

BICEPS FEMORIS - TRIGGER POINT REFERRAL

A

Generally pain is referred upward to the lower lateral gluteal region
Pain can be referred inferiorly over the upper lateral popliteal fossa and calf

161
Q

BICEPS FEMORIS - STRETCH

A

Standing, extend back, anteriorly tilt pelvis and flex thighs, internally rotate hips to further stretch lateral fibres

162
Q

BICEPS FEMORIS - STRENGTHEN

A

Resisted hip extension or knee flexion
Leg curls
Straight leg deadlift

163
Q

POPLITEUS - ORIGIN

A

Lateral femoral condyle

164
Q

POPLITEUS - INSERTION

A

Proximal posterior tibia

165
Q

POPLITEUS - ACTION

A

Unlocks knee from an extended position
Lateral rotation of femur on tibia or medial rotation of tibia on femur
Flexion of knee

166
Q

POPLITEUS - INNERVATION

A

Tibial nerve (L4-S1)

167
Q

POPLITEUS - TRIGGER POINT REFERRAL

A

Generally refers pain over the back of the knee and upper calf
Popliteus trigger points dont occur on their own and usually occur in conjunction with trigger points in the gastrocnemius or biceps femoris

168
Q

POPLITEUS - STRETCH

A

With posterior knee straight, lean body forward

ANATOMY (10 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions