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Anatomy and Physiology > Kingdom Plantae > Flashcards

Kingdom Plantae Flashcards

1
Q

Alternation of Generations

A

Two different life cycles.

Fertilization -> Sporophyte (2n) -> Meiosis -> Spore(n) -> Gametophyte(n) -> Mitosis -> Gametes(n) -> Fertilization

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2
Q

Gametophyte

A

Haploid generation that produces gametes through mitosis.

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3
Q

Sporophyte

A

Diploid generation that produces haploid spores through meiosis.

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4
Q

Gametangia

A

Gamete producing structures

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5
Q

Antheridia

A

Male, sperm-producing gametangia

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6
Q

Archegonia

A

Female, egg-producing gametangia

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7
Q

Sporangia

A

Produce haploid spores

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8
Q

Isomorphic Generations

A

Some algae.

Sporophyte and gametophyte generations look identical

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9
Q

Heteromorphic Generations

A

Land plants

Sporophyte and gametophyte generations look different.

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10
Q

Bryophytes

A

Descriptive, non-taxidermic category for plants belonging to three different Divisions.
Division Bryophyta, Anthocerophyta and Hepatophyta
Lack vascular tissue.
Dominance of gametophyte generation
Thought to have evolved from algae
Evolutionary dead-end
Unable to regulate water balance but can go dormant when exposed to drought.

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11
Q

Division Bryophyta

A 
Mosses
>14,000 species
Mnium, Polytrichum, Sphagnum
Have phyllids and caulids
Monoecious and dioecious
Contain rhizoids
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12
Q

Phyllids

A

Leaf-like structures spirally arranged on caulids

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13
Q

Caulids

A

Stem-like structures containing phyllids

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14
Q

Monoecious

A

Mnium
One house
Both antheridia and archegonia are present in same plant

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15
Q

Dioecious

A

Polyteichum
Two houses
Separate male and female gametophytes

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16
Q

Division Hepatophyta

A

Liverworts (Marchantia, Porella, Conocephalum, Riccia)
Simplest Bryophytes
> 9,000 species worldwide
Great diversity of body forms
Some contain phyllids and caulks
Contain rhizoids
Sperm have two flagella and require water to swim

17
Q

Rhizoids

A

Anchor plant on its substrate, but do not conduct water and nutrients to the plant.
Not true roots, no vascular tissue

18
Q

Division Anthocerophyta

A 
Hornworts
> 300 species
Get name from long, hornlike sporangia
Sporophyte gen. can outlive gametophyte gen.
Have true stomata in epidermis
19
Q

Seedless Vascular Plants

A 
Contain true xylem and phloem
Can control their water balance
Have true roots that can absorb water
Life cycles are dominated by sporophyte gen.
Three Divisions
20
Q

Xylem

A

True vascular tissue to distribute water from roots throughout the plant

21
Q

Phloem

A

Distribute the products of photosynthesis to plant tissues

22
Q

Division Lycophyta

A

Club Mosses (Selaginella, Lycopodium)
Moist environments (Selaginella also found in deserts, often called “resurrection plant”)
Often resemble small pine tress
Have true roots, stems and leaves
Club or cone-shaped sporangia on their stems called strobili.
Flagellated
Homospory and heterospory

23
Q

Strobili

A

Clusters of spore-bearing leaves called sporophylls

24
Q

Homospory

A

Spore mother cells undergo meiosis to produce one type of spore

25
Q

Heterospory

A

When two different types of spores are produced.
Megaspores and microspores
Selaginella.

26
Q

Megaspores

A

Larger spores that germinate to form female gametophytes

27
Q

Microspores

A

Smaller spores that germinate to form male gametophytes

28
Q

Division Sphenophyta

A

Horestails (Equisetum)
Only one genus and species remain
Huge tree-size reps. were common during age of Dinosaurs.
Strobili resemble tapered ends of horses’ tails
Cell walls contain silica
Often called “scouring rushes”

29
Q

Division Pterophyta

A

Ferns

Whisk Ferns and Classic or “True” Ferns

30
Q

Whisk Ferns

A

Psilotum
Sometimes divided into own Division (Psilophyta).
Very common in Florida
Very simple and primitive in appearance
May resemble very earliest vascular plants on Earth
Lack true roots
Usually participate in symbiotic relationship with fungus

31
Q

Classic or “True” Ferns

A 
Well represented in Florida
> 12,000 species
Some "resurrection ferns"
Tree ferns can grow more than 60 feet in height, while smallest aquatic ferns can be 1 - 2 cm.
Only group in which evolution appears to be ongoing
Have true leaves called fronds
Grow along underground rhizome
Top of sporangium is hygroscopic.
32
Q

Fronds

A

True leaves (mature)
Generally large, macrophylls.
Compound in form and divided.
One fertile frond can release millions of spores per year

33
Q

Fiddlehead

A 
True leaves (immature)
Curled form of a young frond before unfurling
34
Q

Rhizome

A

Horizontal stem

Can live for hundreds of years

35
Q

Hygroscopic

A

Sensitive to the presence of water

Anatomy and Physiology (9 decks)

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