Kingdom Animalia Flashcards
Phylum Porifera
Sponges Invertebrate Asymmetrical Lack true tissue/organs Sessile. Support: spicules, spongin Osculum = opening for filtration Spongocoel (central cavity) with choanocytes = pull in H2O for food collection
Phylum Cnidaria
Diploblastic Radial symmetry Gastrovascular cavity (food digestion) No gills Cnidocytes with nematocysts Three classes: Hydrozoa, Scyphozoa and Anthozoa
Cnidocytes
Stinging cells containing nematocysts
Nematocysts
Stinging organelles
Class Hydrozoa
Polyps and medusae
Marine and freshwater
Hydra
Portuguese man-o-war (Physalia physalis)
Class Scyphozoa
True jellies
medusa stage only
marine and fresh water
moon jelly (Aurelia aurita)
Class Anthozoa
Corals
Sea anemones
marine only
polyp stage only
Phylum Ctenophora
Comb jellies Invertebrate Diploblastic Biradial symmetry 8 rows of comb like plates (cilia) Planktonic Marine, predatory, simple nervous system, no nematocysts (but can steal them)
Phylum Platyhelminthes
Flatworms Three Classes: Trematoda, Cestoda and Turbellaria Invertebrate Triploblastic Bilateral Acoelomate Protostome One digestive opening (incomplete digestive tract) No respiratory system Free-living or parasitic
Class Trematoda
Flukes
Parasitic
Complex life cycles (multiple hosts)
Class Cestoda
Tapeworms
Intestinal parasites with proglottids and scolex
Class Turbellaria
Flatworms (Degusia) Freshwater and marine Moist environments Planaria 2 eyespots and 2 auricles
Phylum Rotifera
Rotifers Invertebrate Triploblastic Bilateral Pseudocoelomate Protostome Freshwater, marine, interstitial Complete digestive tract 4 regions: head, neck, trunk, foot Corona: draws water in for feeding Cryptobiosis: survive long periods in unfavorable conditions
Phylum Nemotoda
Nematodes, roundworms (Ascaris) Invertebrate Triploblastic Bilateral Pseudocoelomate Protostome Free-living and parasitic Complete digestive tract Cuticle Lateral line
Phylum Mollusca
2nd largest phylum Most complex phylum Four classes: Polyplacophora, Gastropoda, Bivalvia, Cephalopoda Invertebrate Triploblastic Bilateral Eucoelomate Protostome Usually well developed head Some with advanced vision Complete digestive tract Radula (scraping) All have: foot, shell, mantle, visceral mass
Class Polyplacophora
Chitons
8 plates on shell
Curl into ball
Class Gastropoda
Snails, slugs, etc
Most abundant
Torsion during development
Operculum (protection)
Class Bivalvia
Oysters, mussles, clams, etc
Hinged shell (umbo)
Siphons
No radula
Class Cephalopoda
Nautilus, cuttlefish, squid, octopus Most advanced Tentacles Most lack external shells Well developed nervous system with large brain Advanced vision Beaks Closed circulatory system
Phylum Annelidia
Earthworms Two Classes: Oligochaeta and Polychaeta Invertebrate Bilateral Eucoelomate Protostome Segmented Setae/parapodia Closed circulatory system
Class Oligochaeta
Earthworms (Lumbricus)
No parapodia
Few setae
Marine, terrestrial, freshwater
Class Polychaeta
Polychaetes, clam worms (Nereis)
Most abundant annelids
Mostly marine
Free-living or tube-dwelling
Phylum Arthropoda
Largest phylum (1 million known species, mostly insects)
Invertebrates
Triploblastic
Bilateral
Protostomes
Found everywhere
All have: segmentation, an exoskeleton (protection, muscle attachment, prevent desiccation) and jointed appendages
Molting occurs
Cephalization with neural and respiratory development
Open circulatory system (hemolymph)
Subphylum Trilobitomorpha
Phylum Arthropoda
Trilobites (extinct)
Possible ancestors to Subphylum Cheliceriformes
Subphylum Cheliceriformes
Phylum Arthropoda Chelicerae = feeding appendages 6 pairs of appendages Cephalothorax (head and thorax fused) Two Classes: Merostomata and Arachnida
Class Merostomata
Horseshoe crabs (Limulus) Marine Medically important Male/female dimorphism Book gills Telson = tail for steering
Class Arachnida
Spiders, scorpions, ticks, mites, etc. One pair of chelicerae One pair of pedipalps Four pairs of legs Book lungs
Subphylum Uniramia
Phylum Arthropoda Jaw-like mandibles One pair of antennae (sensory) One pair of compound eyes Unbranched appendages Three classes: Diplopoda, Chilopoda, Insecta
Class Diplopoda
Millipedes
Fused pairs of trunk segments
Two paired appendages per segment
Class Chilopoda
Centipedes
One paired appendage per segment
Flattened
Class Insecta
Butterflies, moths, bees, flies, termites, etc. Largest class Wings Trachea system (gas exchange) Spiracles (prevent desiccation) Hemocoel Malpighian tubules (excretory)
Subphylum Crustacea
Phylum Arthropoda Crabs, lobsters, shrimp, barnacles, copepods, etc Most are marine Three or more paired appendages Biramous (claws) Two pairs of antennae
Class Malacostraca
Subphylum Crustacea
Crabs, lobsters, shrimp, etc
60% of crustaceans
Tripartite (3 segments: head, thorax, abdomen)
Phylum Echinodermata
Sea stars, brittle stars, sea cucumbers, sea lilies, sea urchins, sea biscuits, etc
Invertebrates
Triploblastic
Pentaradial symmetry as adults; bilateral as larvae
Eucoelomate
Deuterostomes
Class Asteroidea
Phylum Echinodermata Sea stars Gonads and digestive tracts in arms Regeneration Oral and aboral surfaces Dermal branchiae and pedicellariae (removal of debris from body) Water vascular system Madresporite (water intake) Tube feet
Phylum Chordata
42,000 Known species HIghest diversity is coral reefs of south pacific and equatorial rain forests All share 5 characteristics: 1. Notochord 2. Post-anal tail 3. Pharyngeal gill pouches 4. Dorsal, hollow nerve chord 5. Endostyle/thyroid
Subphylum Hemichordata
Phylum Chordata
Acorn worms
Only possess pharyngeal gill slits
Subphylum Urochordata
Phylum Chordata
Tunicates, sea squirts
Larval form = all characteristics
Adults = gill slits and endostyle
Subphylum Cephalochordata
Phylum Chordata
Amphioxus
All characteristics throughout life
Paedomorphic: larva reaches sexual maturity
Subphylum Vertebrata
Phylum Chordata Cephalization Endoskeleton (segmented): protects nerve cord. Cartilage or bone 2 pairs of jointed appendages (exception: snakes and some amphibians) Outer protective tissue Pisces: all fish=like groups Tetrapods: terrestrial groups Agnathans: jawless Gnathostomes: jawed
Class Agnatha
Subphylum Vertebrata About 75 species Lamprey = freshwater or marine Hagfish = marine All jawless with cartilaginous skeletons No paired fins Single nostril 2 chambered heart
Class Chondrichthyes
Subphylum Vertebrata About 800 Species Sharks, skates, rays Mostly marine Paired fins and nostrils Heterocercal tails Placoid scales Lateral line Males with claspers Types of birth: viviparous, ovoviviparous, oviparous
Viviparous
Live birth
Ovoviviparous
Egg hatched internally, followed by live birth
Oviparous
Hatched from an egg
Class Osteichthyes
Subphylum Vertebrata
Largest vertebrate class: about 24,600 species
Bony fishes
Streamlined and fusimorm (large in middle)
Covered with dermal scales (except eels)
Lateral line
Swim bladder
Class Amphibia
Subphylum Vertebrata 4300 species Frogs, toads, salamanders, newts, caecilians Reproduction dependent on water Metamorphosis 3 types of respiration: lungs, gills, skin 3 chambered heart Ectothermic
Class Reptilia
Subphylum Vertebrata About 6700 species Turtles, crocodilians, lizards, dinosaurs = sort of Amniotic egg Ectothermic 3 or 4 chambered heart Protective, dry scales
Class Aves
Subphylum Vertebrata About 8800 species Birds Evolved from dinosaurs Endothermic 4 chambered heart Air sacs for respiration Large cerebellum = flight modifications 3 feather types: Flight, down, filoplumes
Class Mammalia
Subphylum Vertebrata All have: Body hair Mammary glands Live birth (except monotremes) with placental development Endothermy 4 chambered heart diaphragm
Subclass Monotremata
Class Mammalia
Platypus, echidna
Oviparous with cloaca
Subclass Marsupiala
Class Mammalia
Kangaroos
Pouched mammals; young born undeveloped
Subclass Eutheria
Class Mammalia
Placental animals
Young born fully developed
