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Anatomy and Physiology > deck_1568964 > Flashcards

deck_1568964 Flashcards

1
Q

Phylum Annelida

A

“Little rings”- Vermiform- Metamerism- Setae- Paired parapodia- Cerebral ganglia (brain) and ventral nervous cord- Muscles in all directions- Complete digestive system- Closed circulatory system + Dorsal and ventral vessels with 5 pumping vessels (heart)- Blood with hemoglobin + Causes red coloration- Metanephridia + One pair per segment- Trochophore larvae + Shared characteristic with mollusksClasses:- Polychaeta- Oligochaeta- Hirudinea

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2
Q

Veriform

A

Worm-shaped

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3
Q

Metamerism

A

Replicated organs found within each segment.

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4
Q

Setae (chetae)

A

NAME?

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5
Q

Parapodia

A

“Almost feet”- Appendage containing the setae.- Paired in annelids.

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6
Q

Metanephridia

A

Excretory organs (e.g., kidneys)

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7
Q

When the ___ muscles contract, setae protrude.

A

Longitudinal

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8
Q

When the ___ muscles contract, setae withdraw.

A

Circular

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9
Q

Class Polychaeta

A

“Many setae”- Well developed head- Evertable pharynx with jaws- One portion of parapodia modified as gills- Free-living + Sandworms + Fireworms- Tube-dwellers + Feather duster + Christmas tree worm- Sexual and asexual reproduction- Mostly dioecious

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10
Q

Tube-dweller characteristics

A

NAME?

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11
Q

Polychaeta asexual reproduction

A

Regeneration of body parts.

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12
Q

Polychaeta sexual reproduction

A
  • Sperm or egg found in specific body segments or in all segments.- Sperm or egg usually exit via the nephridiopores, though some may brood eggs within burrows or the coelom.- Epitoky (in tube-dwellers)
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13
Q

Class Oligochaeta

A

Earthworms - “Few setae”- Mostly freshwater and within moist soil; a few are marine- No parapodia- Posses tiny setae- Cerebral ganglia- Reduced head- Egg and sperm only found in certain segments- Hermaphrodites- Poorly developed head and sensory structures + Head only contains a mouth- Respiration via diffusion through the skin- Digestive system adapted for decomposition of organic matter + Crop and gizzard for grinding- Excrete waste through epidermis- Skeleton of water- Cerebral ganglia + Composed of a ring of nerve cells- Ganglia within the nerve cord and in each segment

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14
Q

Oligochaeta asexual reproduction

A

NAME?

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15
Q

Oligochaeta sexual reproduction

A

Refers to earthworms:- Hermaphroditic with special segments for holding gonads.- Simultaneous sperm exchange- External fertilization + Fertilization occurs in the clitellum- Eggs released in a cocoon- Direct development + No larval stage

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16
Q

Clitellum

A

Ring of mucus on outside of that body in which sperm is deposited and fertilization occurs.

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17
Q

Class Hirudinea

A

Leeches (many exceptions to the rules)- Ectoparasitic (blood-sucking), carnivorous, or scavengers + Possess local anesthetic to prevent pain and clotting.- Marine, freshwater, or terrestrial- Lack parapodia- Lack setae- Lack head appendage- Reduced coelom and segmentation- Same sexual reproduction characteristics as earthworms- No asexual reproduction- Dorsoventrally flattened with suckers on both ends.- Coelom reduced and filled with mesenchyme- Open circulatory system + Possess a heart with vessels that open to other tissues.- Complete digestive system- Complete excretory system

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18
Q

Less segmentation found in ___ than in ___.

A

Oligochaeta, polychaeta

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19
Q

Lophophorates

A
  • Possess characteristics of protostomes and deuterostomes. + Variable coelomate formation + Variable fate of the blastopore- Bilateral coelomates- Possess a lophophore- Protostome-like ribosomes- Mostly marinePhylums:- Phoronida- Bryozoa- Brachiopoda
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20
Q

Phylum Phoronida

A

Tube dwellers that create their own tube.

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21
Q

Phylum Bryozoa

A

NAME?

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22
Q

Phylum Brachiopoda

A

NAME?

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23
Q

Lophophore

A

Horseshoe-shaped structure for feeding

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24
Q

Phylum Arthropoda

A

“Jointed feet”- Largest animal group- Tagma- Open circulatory system containing heart with ostia, hemocoel, and hemolymph.- Complete digestive system with several pairs of mouthparts- Ventral nerve cord- Cuticle + Chitinous exoskeleton- Exoskeleton composed of separate plates- Epidermis + Secretes new chitin- Musculature + Flexors/extenders + Articulations - Joint muscles- Protostomes- Coelomates with reduced coelom- Molt- Variable respiratory systems

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25
Q

Tagma

A

Fused segments of arthropods.Most have all 3:- Head (4 segments)- Thorax (4-6 segments)- Abdomen- E.g., dragonfly, bee.Some possess only 2:- Cephalothorax- Abdomen- E.g., spiders, lobsters.

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26
Q

Ecydysone

A

Hormone responsible for molting.

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27
Q

Respiratory systems of Arthropoda

A

NAME?

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28
Q

Ostia

A

Little valve openings that allow the tissue fluid to go back to the heart.

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29
Q

Hemocoel

A

Area containing the open circulatory system. - Not a cavity.

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30
Q

Hemolynth

A

Blood-like liquid within the open circulatory system.

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31
Q

Arthropod coelom reduced to ___ and ___ ___.

A

Gonads, excretory organs

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32
Q

Arthropod coelom surrounds the ___ and ___.

A

Heart, gonads

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33
Q

Excretory systems of Arthropods

A

NAME?

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34
Q

Anthropods have arteries leading to and from the heart to the ___ and ___.

A

Gills, hemocoel

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35
Q

Malphigian tubules

A

Hollow tubes closed at one end. Found within the hemocoel and part of the digestive system. Filter metabolic/cellular waste by picking up uric acid, guanine, etc. and sending to the intestines to be excreted via the feces.

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36
Q

Green glands are always found in the ___ and in ___.

A

Head, pairs

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37
Q

Simple eyes

A

“Ocelli”- Able to see shadows and light- Characteristic of all animals with eyes

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38
Q

Compound eyes

A

NAME?

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39
Q

Uniramous appendage

A

One axis (no branching)

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40
Q

Biramous appendage

A

NAME?

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41
Q

Endopodite

A

Longer of the two axes.

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42
Q

Exopodite

A

Shorter of the two axes. May be modified into gills in some animals such as crabs.

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43
Q

Mouthpart types

A

NAME?

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44
Q

Mandible

A

Serrated and used for cutting. - Characteristic of insects and crustaceans

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45
Q

Chelicerae

A

Contain fangs that are connected to a poison gland. Contain pedipalps. + Characteristic of Chelicerata

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46
Q

Pedipalps

A

Appendages on chelicerae used to bring food to the mouth.

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47
Q

How are Arthropods classified?

A

NAME?

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48
Q

Arthropoda asexual reproduction

A

Parthenogenesis - Unique to insects within Arthropoda + Characteristic of aphids - Typically used by organisms that grow very quickly.

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49
Q

Arthropoda sexual reproduction

A

NAME?

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50
Q

Direct development

A

No larval stage, all embryological development occurs within the egg. - Typically seen in terrestrial arthropods

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51
Q

Indirect development

A

Larval stage. - Typically seen in aquatic arthropods.

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52
Q

Subphylum Trilobitomorpha

A

Trilobites- Common during Carboniferous Era- Benthic- Biramous- Antennae (one pair)- Left behind many fossils

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53
Q

Subphylum Chelicerata

A

NAME?

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54
Q

Class Merostomata

A

Horseshoe crabs (Limulus polyphemus)- Subphylum Chelicerata- Cephalothorax, abdomen, and telson + Telson used to flip them over

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55
Q

Book lungs of spiders found on their ___ ___.

A

Ventral abdomen

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56
Q

Class Arachnida

A

NAME?

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57
Q

Spermatophore

A

Sperm sac

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58
Q

Arachnida reproduction

A

Spiders - Place their spermatophore inside of the female and haul ass.Scorpions - Place the spermatophore on the ground and dance to attract a female who will then pick it up with her opening.

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59
Q

Gonopore

A

Exit for sperm or egg.

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60
Q

Spinerett

A

Silk producing organ of spiders and some insects.

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61
Q

What order are camel spiders in?

A

Solifuga

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62
Q

Class Pycnogonida

A

Sea spiders- Not actually spiders- No abdomen + Organs extend into legs- Ovigerous legs in males- Live in corals

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63
Q

Ovigerous legs

A

Legs modified for brooding eggs.

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64
Q

Subphylum/Class Crustacea

A

NAME?

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65
Q

Crustacean cephalothoracic segmentation

A
  • Eyes- 1st antennae (antennules) + Short- 2nd antennae + Long- Mandibile with 1st and 2nd maxillae (mouthparts); maxillae cover the mandible.
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66
Q

In crustaceans, the exopodites/gills are found beneath the ___.

A

Carapace

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67
Q

Crustacean thoracic segmentation

A
  • 1st, 2nd and 3rd maxillipeds (pairs) + Modified legs used as mouthparts- Chelipeds + First leg (claw)- Pereiopods (walking legs)
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68
Q

Crustacean abdominal segmentation

A

NAME?

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69
Q

Crustacean larval forms

A

NAME?

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70
Q

Order Copepoda (Crustacea)

A

NAME?

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71
Q

Order Cirripedia (Crustacea)

A

Barnacles- Marine- Some are symbiotic- “Fouling” organisms + Accumulate on wet surfaces- Largest penis in relation to its size- Small filament legs inside of shell + Used for filter feeding- May have a peduncle + Muscular stalk that attaches to surfaces- May be hermaphroditic

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72
Q

Class Isopoda (Crustacea)

A

“Equal legs”- Marine with one exception + Pill bug is terrestrial but possess gills

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73
Q

Order Decapoda (Crustacea)

A

“5 pairs of walking legs”- Largest order of Crustacea- Marine- Lobsters, shrimps, and crabs.

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74
Q

Brooding in crabs

A
  • Female carries fertilized eggs under abdomen.- Eggs hatch and zoea larvae emerge.- Zoea molt 5 times until the reach their second stage, megalops.- Megalops molts several times before forming into a young crab which will grow to maturity.
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75
Q

Differences between insects, chelicerates, and crustaceans.

A

Insects- 1 pair of antennae- 3 pairs of appendages- MandibleChelicerates- No antennae- 4 pairs of appendages- CheliceraeCrustaceans- 2 pairs of antennae- 5+ pairs of appendages- Mandible

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76
Q

Subphylum Uniramia, Class Insecta (Arthropoda)

A

Insecta also called “Hexapoda”- Largest animal group- 3 tagma + Head + Thorax + Abdomen- Urinamous appendages (hence subphylum name)- 3 pairs of legs- 1 pair of antennae- Most have 2 pairs of wings attached to thorax- Spiracles- Movement-sensing hairs- Undergo metamorphosis with instars (stages)- Die following reproduction

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77
Q

Spiracles

A

Holes that allow air to enter the trachea. Tracheal tubes get smaller as they go inward. Gasses leave the body through the tissues.

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78
Q

An animal is an adult when it is able to ___.

A

Reproduce

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79
Q

Metabolous

A

Undergo metamorphosis - Hemimetabolous - Holometabolous

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80
Q

Ametabolous

A

Does not undergo metamorphosis. No larval stage.

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81
Q

Pterygota

A

Wings insects

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82
Q

Apterygota

A

Insects without wings

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83
Q

Metabolous insects are always ___.

A

Pterygota

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84
Q

Ametabolous insects are always ___.

A

Apterygota

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85
Q

Silverfish or bristletail

A

Ametabolous and apterygota. No larval stage, hatch as a smaller version of the adult and undergo molting.

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86
Q

Hemimetabolous

A

Incomplete metamorphosis - Exopterygota - Nymph stages + Nymph hatches with no wings. Animal reaches adulthood when the wings grow to cover the entire abdomen.- E.g., roaches

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87
Q

Exopterygota

A

Wings form on the outside of the body. - Characteristic of hemimetabolous organisms.

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88
Q

Holometabolous

A

Complete metamorphosis - Endopterygota - Larva and pupa with cocoon stages

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89
Q

Endopterygota

A

Wings form in pupa. - Characteristic of holometabolous organisms.

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90
Q

Pupa

A

NAME?

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91
Q

Pterygota feeding mechanisms

A

NAME?

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92
Q

Pterygota feeding habits

A

NAME?

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93
Q

Insect defense mechanisms

A

NAME?

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94
Q

Insects are vital in order for ___ to occur.

A

Pollenation

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95
Q

One insect species is the only one able to lay eggs in a certain plant species that is ___.

A

Toxic

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96
Q

Insecta (Hexapoda) reproduction

A

Asexual- Parthenogenesis + Characteristic of aphids - Both the parent and offspring are haploid.Sexual- Dioecious- Internal fertilization

97
Q

Blow flies lay their eggs in ___.

A

Carcasses

98
Q

Ants and aphids

A

Mutualistic relationship between the two. Ants eat sugar excreted from aphids and provide them with protection.

99
Q

Order Coleoptera

A

Beetles- First pair of wings used for protection- Second pair of wings used for flying

100
Q

Order Diptera

A

Flies- One pair of wings- Second pair of wings modified and extremely reduced

101
Q

Order Hymenoptera

A

Wasps/Bees- Two pairs of membranous wings, both used in flight

102
Q

Order Lepidoptera

A

Butterflies/moths- Scaly wings

103
Q

Class Diplopoda

A

Millipedes- Diplosegments + Two segments fused to create one segment - 2 pairs of legs per segment (4 legs total)- Herbivorous- Chewing mouthpart

104
Q

Class Chilipoda

A

Centipedes- One pair of legs per segment (2 total)- Predaceous- Fangs with venom- Live in dark, moist habitats such as under rocks and logs.- Bright colors to advertise danger

105
Q

Phylum Onychophora

A

Velvet worms- Considered a possible “missing link” due to shared characteristics of both annelids and arthropods; may be an ancestor of either.- Terrestrial bottom-dwellers in rainforestsAnnelid characteristics:- Soft cuticle- Segmented nephridia- Non-jointed appendagesArthropod characteristics:- Hemocoel- Tracheae- Molt their cuticle- Feeding appendages

106
Q

Phylum Echinodermata

A

NAME?

107
Q

Echinoderm reproduction

A

Asexual- Regeneration of lost arms arms- 1/5 of the disk must exist and should include a portion of the mouthSexual- Mostly dioecious- External fertilization- Planktonic larvae

108
Q

Class Asteroidea

A

Sea stars- Predaceous + Can destroy reefs- Two stomaches- Can exert stomach to pry open bivalves to feed on

109
Q

Class Cronoideae

A

Sea lilies and feather stars- Predaceous- Many branched out arms (resembling feathers)- Secondary radial symmetry

110
Q

Class Ophiuroidea

A

Brittles stars and basket stars- Body made of calcareous plates/shields

111
Q

Class Echinoidea

A

Sea urchins, sand dollars, and sea biscuits- Sea urchins: Radial symmetry- Sand dollars and sea biscuits: Tertiary bilateral symmetry- Urchins have well-developed, movable spines

112
Q

Tertiary bilateral symmetry

A

Bilateral > Radial > Bilateral

113
Q

Teca

A

Shell composed of the fused arms of Echinoidea

114
Q

Class Holoturoidea

A

Sea cucumbers- Tertiary bilateral symmetry- Crown of tentacles by mouth + Tentacles are part of a modified water vascular system- Barely any ossicles- Can’t feed after evisceration

115
Q

Phylum Hemichordata

A

Acorn worms- Marine- Burrowing- Proboscis + Modified for digging- Mouth positioned behind proboscis and before collar- Coelom- Pharyngeal gill slits + Gas exchange- Hollow nerve cord- Eat dirt- U-shaped burrow with mad poop at one end

116
Q

Phylum Chordata

A

NAME?

117
Q

Postanal tail

A

Extension of the body passed the anal region.

118
Q

Dorsal, hollow nerve cord

A

Bundle of nerve fibers which runs down the back. Connects the brain with lateral muscles and organs.- Created by the invagination of the ectoderm. Eventually becomes the nervous system.

119
Q

Notochord

A

Solid, cartilaginous rod which is flexible and supports the dorsal nerve cord.

120
Q

Pharyngeal slits

A

Series of openings that connect the inside of the throat (pharynx) to the outside of the “neck.” + May contain gills + Used in filter feeding by invertebrates using a layer of mucus.

121
Q

Subphylum Urochordata

A

NAME?

122
Q

Sea squirts and tunicates

A
  • Larvae: Tadpoles that have all 4 chordate characteristics + Motile- Adult only has pharyngeal slits + Sessile- Loss of cephalization in adult- Tunic- Closed circulatory system with heart- Complete digestive system- Kidneys- Reduced coelom surrounds heart- Gas exchange through pharyngeal basket, skin, or other surfaces- Dioecious + External fertilization and possible regeneration
123
Q

Tunic

A

Exoskeleton composed of tunicin + Tunicin is composed of proteins and carbohydrates and grows with the animal

124
Q

Seasquirt, tunicate and larvacean adult feeding method

A

Filter feedersIncurrent (buccal) siphon > pharyngeal slits that form a pharyngeal basket > mucus accumulates in endostyle, esophagus, stomach, intestine, and anus.

125
Q

Seasquirt, tunicate and larvacean adult path of water circulation

A

Incurrent siphon > pharyngeal basket > atrium > atriopore

126
Q

Atriopore

A

Excurrent siphon

127
Q

Paedogenesis

A

NAME?

128
Q

Thaliaceans and larvaceans

A
  • Adult maintains all 4 chordate characteristics.- Filter feed using “mucus house.” + House is discarded regularly and eaten by other organisms.- Planktonic- Feed on phytoplankton- Resemble tadpole larvae- Adults are motile
129
Q

Algae are a type of ___.

A

Phytoplankton

130
Q

Subphylum Cephalochordata

A

“Head chordata” - Lancelets (other groups are extinct)- Larvae and adults show all 4 chordate characteristics- Pelagic larvae- Adult partially buried- Adults have a poorly developed head with long trunk and tail.- Myomere- Reduced coelom- Dorsal and ventral fins (not paired)- Closed circulatory system + No heart- Dioecious- External fertilization (mostly)- Native species: Brachiostoma floridae

131
Q

Myomere

A

Segments of muscles allowing for lateral movement.

132
Q

Adult lancelet characteristics

A

Complete digestive system- Ventral mouth with tentacles > pharynx with slits > intestine > anusPath of water- Buccal siphon > pharyngeal slits > endostyle > atrium > atrioporeRespiration- Most likely through skin or intestines

133
Q

Evolution of vertebrate chordates

A

NAME?

134
Q

Vertebrate evolution hypothesis A

A

Ancestral vertebrate chordate evolved from cepholocordate-like (lancelet) animal.- P. slits used for filter feeding- Swam with lateral undulations- Possessed brain but no craniumEvidence- Lancelet adults have 4 chordate characteristics- Lamprey larvae resemble lancelet larvae

135
Q

Vertebrate evolution hypothesis B

A

Vertebrates evolved from Urochordates- Believed to have occurred through paedogenesis.

136
Q

Subphylum Vertebrata

A
  • Hollow, dorsal nerve cord- Notochord + Becomes vertebral column and intervertebral disks.- P. slits + Contain gills in aquatic animals and close in terrestrial.- Post anal tail + Characteristic of most vertebrates- Brain with cranium (cartilage/bone)- Neural crest- Extreme cephalization with sensory organs in the head and dorsal nervous system- Mineralization (ossification) of body structures- Endoskeleton- Respiratory system of gills, lungs and/or skin- Complete digestive system- Kidneys- Well-developed muscles
137
Q

Fate of the germ layers

A

Ectoderm- Nervous and sense organs; epidermis; pituitary gland (when present)Mesoderm- Notochord; skeleton; muscles; circulatory system; excretory system; reproductive system; outer layers of digestive systemEndoderm- Lining of the digestive tube and structures that develop from it such as the lining of the respiratory system

138
Q

Class Agnatha

A

“Jawless fishes”- Lampreys, hagfish, and Ostracoderms- Circular mouth

139
Q

Lampreys

A
  • Marine/freshwater- Feed on blood- Persistent notochord- Cartilaginous cranium- No true bony skeleton- Single fins or no fins- No scales- One or no appendages- 2 chambered heart- Dioecious or monoecious + External fertilization
140
Q

Hagfish

A

NAME?

141
Q

Ostracoderms

A

NAME?

142
Q

Pharyngeal slits held open and in place by ___ ___.

A

Skeletel rods

143
Q

Evolution of the jaw

A

Skeletal rod 3 became the upper jaw and skeletal rod 4 attached it to the cranium.

144
Q

Gnathostomes

A

Jawed fishes

145
Q

Class Placodermi

A

“Plate skinned”- Extinct- Jawed fish- Ossified plates + Not seen in extant species- Paired fins- Ossified jaws

146
Q

Class Chondrichthyes

A

Sharks, rays, ratfish and chimeras- Ancestors had bones so they are considered vertebrates (cartilage is non-ossified).- Notochord persists- Sub-terminal mouth- Paired fins- 2 chambered heart- Mostly ectothermic- Lateral line + Detects pressure- Ampullae of Lorenzini + Detects electricity- Placoid scales + Unique to this class- No operculum + Ratfish are an exception- No swim bladder- Oils in liver regulate buoyancy- Mostly dioecious- Internal fertilization with eggs and few offspring- Heterocercal caudal fin + Top portion longer than bottom

147
Q

Male chondrichthyans have ___ and both male and females have a ___.

A

Claspers, cloaca

148
Q

Shark scales contain ___ and ___.

A

Enamel, dentine

149
Q

Ratfish

A

Chrondrichtheans with shark-like bodies.- Have an operculum- Feed like fish

150
Q

Viviparity

A

Live bearing

151
Q

Ovoviviparity

A

Egg hatches within the mother; live bearing.

152
Q

Oviparity

A

Lays eggs

153
Q

Humans killed over ___ shark last year.

A

150 million

154
Q

Megalodon

A

Went extinct between 12-30 million years ago; only teeth have been found.

155
Q

Caudal fin

A

Tail

156
Q

Anal fins

A

Near anus

157
Q

Pelvic fin

A

On belly

158
Q

Pectoral fin

A

On sides

159
Q

Class Osteichthyes

A
  • Notochord persistent- Skeleton at least partially ossified- 2 chambered heart- Paired fins- Terminal mouth- Mostly dioecious + Oviparous with external fertilization- Homocercal caudal fin + Top same size as bottom- Scales formed from dermis
160
Q

Subclass Actinopterygii

A

Ray finned fish- Gars- Sturgeons- Teleosts

161
Q

Gars

A

NAME?

162
Q

Sturgeons

A
  • Primitive group- Ganoid (bony) scales- Cartilaginous skeleton- Torpedo shaped body- May live p to 50 years- May reach 14 ft.- Marine but spawn in freshwater- Opportunistic bottom feeders
163
Q

Teleosts

A

NAME?

164
Q

Cycloid scales

A

Smooth outer edge

165
Q

Ctenoid scales

A

Toothed outer edge

166
Q

Order Gasterosteiformes

A

Sea horses and pipefishes

167
Q

Subclass Sarcopterygii

A

Lobe finned fish- Coelocanths- Lungfishes + Lungs supplement oxygen in shallow water + Also have gills- Fleshy, bony paired fins supported by extensions of the body skeleton- Pectoral and pelvic fins have articulations resembling limbs

168
Q

What animals evolved from lobe finned fish with lungs?

A

Tetrapods - Likely evolved from Ichthyosthega or Acanthostega, specifically.

169
Q

Ichthyostega & Acanthostega

A

NAME?

170
Q

Tetrapods

A

4 legged animals- Pelvic girdle bones + Attached to vertebral column- Limbs + Four limbs support weight on land- Feet with digits- Pharyngeal clefts + Give rise to inner ear

171
Q

Tiktaalik

A

Extinct freshwater fish with lungs that walked and resembled crocodiles.

172
Q

Class Amphibia

A

“Two lives”- Dual life cycle- Notochord replaced by body vertebral column- 3 chambered heart- Adults mostly terrestrial; tadpole larvae mostly aquatic- Lungs in terrestrial form and gills in aquatic- May be terrestrial, aquatic, or bothOrder- Anura- Urodela- Apoda

173
Q

Order Anura

A

“Without tails” - Frogs- Adults are terrestrial- Head and trunk with no tail- Carnivorous adults- Carnivorous or herbivorous larvae- Tadpoles have gills and adults have lungs- Moist skin for gas exchange + Poorly developed lungs- Skin with toxin glands- Mostly nocturnal adults for moisture exposure- Pelvic girdle for jumping

174
Q

Anura sexual reproduction

A

NAME?

175
Q

Amplexus

A

External fertilization behavior in frogs.

176
Q

Order Urodela

A

“Tailed ones” - Salamanders- Tadpoles have external gills and adults have lungs (unless aquatic) + Aquatic adults may have gills or retain external gills (paedogenesis)- Head, trunk and tail- Moist skin that may be toxic- External and internal fertilization- Terrestrial, aquatic, or both- Terrestrial species with lungs are typically nocturnal for moisture exposure- Common in temperate areas

177
Q

Order Apoda

A

“Legless” - Caecilians- Internal fertilization- Oviparous or viviparous- Aquatic larvae or no larvae- Live in tropical soils or streams- Burrowers- Blind- Carnivorous

178
Q

Amniotic egg

A

Egg with an amnion and shell. Characteristic of amniotes (mammals, reptiles and birds).- Amnion- Allantois- Chorion- Yolk sac- Albumin

179
Q

Amnion

A

Membrane that surrounds and protects the embryo. Amniotic cavity between it and the fetus protects against impacts and dehydration.

180
Q

Allantois

A

Stores nitrogenous waste of the embryo.

181
Q

Chorion

A

First membrane beneath the shell; serves for gas exchange.

182
Q

Yolk sac

A

Encloses the yolk which provides nutrients.

183
Q

Albumin is made of ___.

A

Protein

184
Q

Skull types

A

NAME?

185
Q

Anapsida

A

NAME?

186
Q

Synapsida

A

NAME?

187
Q

Diapsida

A

NAME?

188
Q

Most biologists use ___ classification of amniotes.

A

Classical

189
Q

Class Reptilia

A
  • Tetrapods- Scales of keratin- Internal fertilization- 3 chambered heart + Crocodilians the exception with a 4 chambered heart- Well developed lungs- Well developed limbs but use lateral undulations- Eggs have embryonic membranes- Scales and scutes formed from epidermisOrders- Squamata- Testudines- Crocodilia- Sphenodontia
190
Q

Squamata

A

Lizards, snakes and amphisbaenians

191
Q

Testudines

A

Turtles and tortoises

192
Q

Sphenodontia

A

Tuatara (only extant genus)

193
Q

Ectotherms can control body temperature with their ___.

A

Behavior

194
Q

Scales and scutes

A

NAME?

195
Q

Carrier’s constraint

A

Lungs are pinched during locomotion.- Air is shunted from lung to lung- Characteristic of reptiles- Less air can be expelled and replaced, so reptiles must only move in short bursts.

196
Q

Leathery eggs to prevent ___.

A

Desiccation, or drying out.

197
Q

Some turtles can absorb oxygen through their ___.

A

Cloacas

198
Q

3 chambered heart

A

Interventricular system is incomplete (ventricle not divided into 2 chambers such as in mammals and birds).

199
Q

4 chambered heart

A

Anatomically complete interventricular septum.- Crocodilians, mammals and birds

200
Q

Gopher tortoise

A
  • Burrowing (4m deep and 12m long)- Defend burrows against other tortoises and intruders- Keystone species + Burrows provide shelter for over 360 other species of flora and fauna- 100 in the FAU preserve
201
Q

Turtles lay ___ eggs than tortoises.

A

More

202
Q

Dinosaurs

A

NAME?

203
Q

Archaeopteryx

A

NAME?

204
Q

Class Aves

A
  • Feathers and scales of keratin- Skeleton with air cavities- Toothless beak- 4 chambered heart- Endothermic + Must eat all the time to regulate temperature- Keeled or flat sternum + Keeled in flying, flat in flightless- Lungs partitioned into air sacs for efficiency + Also help with singing- Great eyesight and color vision- Complicated courtship- Most are small and bland in color
205
Q

Flightless birds

A

NAME?

206
Q

Class Mammalia

A
  • 4 chambered heart- Modified teeth- Inner ear with bones + Better hearing than reptiles
207
Q

Mammal teeth

A

From back to front:- Molars- Premolars- Canines- Incisors

208
Q

Mammal ear bones

A

NAME?

209
Q

Reptiles only have a single ear bone, the ___.

A

Stapes

210
Q

Subclass Prototheria

A

Monotremes- Means “first wild beast”- Echidna and Platypus- Oviparous- Milk with no nipples- Cloaca

211
Q

Echidna

A

NAME?

212
Q

Platypus

A
  • Australia- Freshwater bottom feeders- No teeth in beak- Venom in hind legs of males- 1-2 eggs that are brooded in burrows
213
Q

Subclass Theria

A

Marsupials- Short development within uterus with placenta- Finish development in mother’s pouch- Milk with nipples- Fast metabolism- Very abundant in Australia- Marsupium + The pouch

214
Q

Prototharian mammals

A

Egg laying

215
Q

Metatherian mammals

A

Marsupials

216
Q

Eutherian mammals

A

Placental- Long development within uterus

217
Q

Convergent evolution occurred between ___ and ___.

A

Marsupials, placentals

218
Q

Order Primata

A

NAME?

219
Q

Prosimians

A

The first simians- Lemurs (Madagascar)- Tarsiers (SE Asia) + Carnivorous- Loris (SE Asia)

220
Q

Simians

A

New world monkeys, old world monkeys and apes

221
Q

Apes

A

NAME?

222
Q

New world monkeys

A

Oldest and least advanced. No advanced social organization unlike old world monkeys and apes.

223
Q

Humans are most closely related to ___.

A

Bonobos

224
Q

Proconsul

A

Ancestor of humans and other apes.- Evolved from insectivore rodent.

225
Q

A. ramidus

A

“Ardi”- First bipedal hominid- Skeleton found from 4.4 million years ago- Body unlike chimps or humans- Teeth unlike chimps- Could walk erect and could also climb (mostly bipedal)- Omnivorous + Insects, small prey, fruits and roots

226
Q

A. afarensus

A

“Lucy”- - Walked upright (completely bipedal)- Enlarged brain

227
Q

Human evolution

A

NAME?

228
Q

H. habilus

A

First creators of tools- Means “able”

229
Q

Bipedalism began ___ years ago.

A

4 million

230
Q

H. erectus

A

First use of fire- Did not give rise to humans

231
Q

H. neanderthalensis

A

First to due burials- Larger cranium than humans- Made different tools for separate uses

232
Q

H. sapiens

A

First to create art

233
Q

Homology

A

Shared ancestry in different species shown by similar structures or genes. - E.g., humans, dolphins, and bats all have similar limb structure with the same bone types.

234
Q

H. ergaster

A

NAME?

235
Q

Human vestigial traits

A

NAME?

236
Q

Evidence of common ancestry

A
  • Fossils- Morphological similarities- Homology- Vestigial traits- Similarity of the genes + 99% with chimps
237
Q

Origin of modern humans hypothesis 1

A

“Out of Africa” hypothesis- H. erectus started in Africa. Those who left Africa died off while those who stayed evolved into H. sapien. H. sapien then spread and colonized. + Most likely correct

238
Q

Origin of modern humans hypothesis 2

A

“Multiregional” hypothesis- H. erectus left Africa and evolved in all parts of the world to become H. sapien. + Likely incorrect due to similarity of H. sapiens in all different regions.

Anatomy and Physiology (9 decks)

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