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Biology > Kingdom: Plantae > Flashcards

Kingdom: Plantae Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

List six principle types of plant tissue and the function of each.

A 
Epidermal: protection
Parenchyma: storage
Collenchyma: support
Vascular: transport
Meristematic: growth
Schlerenchyma: support
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2
Q

What are two types of meristem?

A

Apical meristem: responsible for plant primary growth; located at tips of stems and roots.

Lateral meristem: cylinders of meristematic tissue; responsible for plant secondary growth. Two types vascular cambium, cork cambium.

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3
Q

What are the four major layers of tissue in the leaf?

A

Upper and lower epidermis.
Palisade layer of mesophyll
spongy layer of mesophyll
Vascular bundles (veins)

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4
Q

What is a stomata?

A

A small opening bordered by guard cells in the epidermis of plant leaves and stems. Gases (Carbon dioxide and water) are exchanged through them.

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5
Q

What are guard cells?

A

Pairs of bean-shaped epidermal cells that surround a stomate and regulate its size. Guard cells possess chloroplasts.

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6
Q

What are upper epidermis?

A

The upper layer of cells on a leaf; do not contain chloroplasts.

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7
Q

What are the lower epidermis?

A

The lower layer of cells on a leaf; do not contain chloroplasts. Stomata are usually found in this layer.

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8
Q

What are mesophyll?

A

The chlorophyll-containing cells located between the upper and lower epidermis of a leaf; vascular tissues (veins) run through mesophyll.

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9
Q

What is a cuticle?

A

A waxy coating secreted by the epidermis of a leaf; helps prevent water loss through evaporation.

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10
Q

What is the palisade layer?

A

The palisade layer is located in the upper mesophyll of leaf tissue; it is closely packed columnar cells that contain many chloroplasts.

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11
Q

What is the spongy Layer?

A

The spongy layer in the leaf mesophyll under the palisade layer; the loosely-packed, chlorophyll-containing cells are surrounded by air spaces.

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12
Q

What are the two types of vascular tissue, and what is their location?

A

Xylem and phloem are both organised into fibrovascular bundles in the leaf, root and stem.

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13
Q

What is the Xylem?

A

In vascular plants, the non-living transport tubes that cary water and minerals upward from the roots and stem to the rest of the plant.

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14
Q

What is the Phloem?

A

In vascular plants the living cells arranged into transport tubes that carry sugar and other organic nutrients throughout the plant.

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15
Q

What are cortex tissues?

A

Located just inside the epidermis in the plant stem or root; consists of parenchyma in young plants and includes cork in older plants.

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16
Q

What is Cambium?

A

A layer of meristem tissue in plant stems and roots that produces new xylem and phloem cells; accounts for growth in thickness of the stem.

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17
Q

What is the Pith?

A

The tissue in the centre of a plant stem or root of a vascular cylinder; usually consists of parenchyma.

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18
Q

What are four significant functions of the plant root?

A

Anchorage
Absorption
transport
storage

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19
Q

What are the two major functions of the plant leaf?

A

Photosynthesis

transpiration.

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20
Q

State the our fundamental functions of the plant stem.

A

Support
transport
storage
photosynthesis

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21
Q

What is Transpiration?

A

The loss of water from plant leaves usually through the stomata.

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22
Q

What are three methods of thranslocation of water in plants?

A

Capillary action
root pressure
transpirational pull

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23
Q

Capillary action

A

The upward movement of a liquid in a thin tube resulting from the effect of cohesion and adhesion.

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24
Q

What is root pressure?

A

The pressure developed in root xylem as the result of osmosis.

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25
Q

What is a transpirational pull (Cohesion tension?)

A

Evaporating water from plant parts causes an upward pull on a column of water molecules in the xylem below.

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26
Q

What is photoperiodism?

A

a Physiological response to the day length such as the production of flowers by a plant depending on the daily cycle of light and dark.

27
Q

What is tropism?

A

The response of a plant to the environment. Eg. Geotropism, thigmotropism, phototropism.

28
Q

What is Geotropism?

A

A root growing downward (positive geotropism) or a stem growing upward (negative geotropism) in response to the stimulus of gravity.

29
Q

What is phototropism?

A

A stem or leaves growing toward a light stimulus.

30
Q

What is Thigmotropism?

A

Unequal growth in a plant that results from contact with an object. For example, a vine clinging to an object as it grows.

31
Q

Name there toes of plant hormones?

A

Auxins
gibberellins
cytokinins.

32
Q

What is an Auxin

A

A plant growth hormone that controls cell elongation.

33
Q

What is Gibberellin?

A

A plant hormone that causes elongation of plant stems.

34
Q

What is Cytokinin?

A

A plant hormone that promotes cell division in growing tissue.

35
Q

What is phytochrome?

A

A plant pigment that absorbs light and is involved with photoperiodism.

36
Q

What is a blade?

A

A broad portion of a leaf.

37
Q

What is a petiole?

A

The stalk that connects the leaf blade to the stem.

38
Q

What is a bud?

A

A mound of growing tissue between the base of a petiole and the leaf stem; may give rise to a branch shoot.

39
Q

What is Bark?

A

All tissues outside of the vascular cambium in a woody stem. (cross-section of tree shown; bark is outermost ring)

40
Q

What is a root hair?

A

Single cell extensions of plant epidermal cells; they absorb water and minerals.

41
Q

What are Tubers?

A 
An underground stem modified for food storage. 
Examples
potato
yam
turnip
carrot.
42
Q

What are Sori?

A

Tiny brown sport cases located on the underside of the elves of true ferns.

43
Q

What are gametophytes?

A

A haploid plant that produces gametes by mitosis.

44
Q

What is a sporophyte?

A

A diploid plant that produces spores by meiosis.

45
Q

What is a carpel?

A

The female reproductive organ of a flower; consists of the ovary; the style; and the stigma. Also called the pistil.

46
Q

What is an Ovule?

A

A structure in seed plants that develop in the ovary and contain the egg.

47
Q

What is the stigma?

A

In angiosperm flowers, the stigma is the region of the carpel that is the receiving surface for the pollen.

48
Q

What is the Stamen?

A

The pollen - producing (male) organ of a flower; consisting of an anther and a filament.

49
Q

What is Pollen?

A

A grain containing an immature male gametophyte enclosed in a protective outer covering.

50
Q

What is pollination?

A

The transfer of pollen from an anther to a stigma can be by wind, water, animals etc.

51
Q

What is an annual?

A

A seed plant that completes its life cycle in one year.

Eg. Wheat, beans, cotton and marigold.

52
Q

What is an biennial?

A

A plant that completes its life cycle in two years.

eg Carrots and foxgloves.

53
Q

What is a perennial?

A

A plant whose life cycles is several years; it produces flowers on more than one occasion.
most trees, flowers and shrubs.

54
Q

what does deciduous mean?

A

Plants that shed their leaves during certain seasons.

eg. maple, and oak trees.

55
Q

What are Bryophyta?

Class: Hepaticae (liverworts)

A

Flat leaf-like structure.
simple root-like structures.
Example Marchantia.

56
Q

What are Bryophyta?

Class: Musci (mosses)

A

small, usually erect with stem.
capsule contains spores.
Example: sphagnum.

57
Q

What are Tracheophyta?

Subphylum: Lycopsids.

A

Creeping stems.

Examples: club moss, ground pines.

58
Q

What are tracheophyta.

Subphylum: sphenopsids.

A

Scale-like leaves.
Spores in cone-like structures.
Examples: equisetum, scouring rush.

59
Q

What are Tracheophyta?

Class: Filicineae (true ferns)

A

Spores on leaves or special structures.

Examples: royal fern, Boston fern.

60
Q

What are Tracheophyta?

Class: Gymnosperms?

A

Naked seeds, often in cones; needle - like leaves; mostly evergreen, but some deciduous (e.g., larch). Examples; pine, hemlock, spruce.

61
Q

What are Tracheophyta?

Class: Angiosperms

A

Flowering plants
seeds enclosed in fruit or nut
broad leaves.

62
Q

Tracheophyta
Class: Angiosperms
Sub-Class: Dicotyledons

A

Net-veined leaves
Seeds with Two cotyledons
Flower parts in fours or fives.
eg. roses and beans.

63
Q

Tracheophyta
Class: Angiosperms
Sub-class Monocotyledons.

A

Parallel-veined leaves
seed with one cotyledon
flower parts in multiple of threes.
Corn, lily and grass.

64
Q

What is a Cotyledon?

A

Seed leaf; fleshy part of a seed that stores food and encloses a young plant.

Biology (15 decks)

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