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Genetics Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Cell Cycle

A

Repeating sequence of events in the life cycle of a dividing cell.

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2
Q

What are the four stages of the cell cycle?

A

G1: growth and metabolism.
S: synthesis of DNA.
G2: growth and metabolism.
M:mitosis

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3
Q

What are the three stages of interphase?

A

G1, S, G2.

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4
Q

What is the major difference between cells in G1 vs G2?

A

Cells in the G2 stage have twice as much genetic material (DNA) as those in G1.

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5
Q

What is Mitosis?

A

Nuclear division usually followed by cytoplasmic division that forms two genetically identical daughter cells.

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6
Q

What are the four phases of mitosis?

A

Prophase
metaphase
anaphase
telophase

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7
Q

What is prophase?

A

Chromatin condenses into distinct chromosomes. The nuclear membrane disintegrates, and spindles form at opposite ends of the cell.

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8
Q

What is Metaphase?

A

Chromosomes align on a plane that is equally distant from both spindles.

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9
Q

What is anaphase?

A

The paired chromosomes move to opposite ends of the cell.

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10
Q

What is telophase?

A

Chromosomes are grouped in separate new nuclei in the emerging daughter cells. At the end of mitosis, two cells with identical genetic material have been produced.

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11
Q

What is a gene?

A

Section of DNA that codes for a specific protein.
unit heredity.
Genes are arrange lengthwise on the chromosome

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12
Q

What are homologous chromosomes?

A

Chromosomes that occur in pairs; they are the same length and have alleles for the same traits at corresponding locations.

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13
Q

What does Haploid mean?

A

A cell that contains only one chromosome from each homologous pair.
eg: gamete.

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14
Q

What is diploid?

A

A cell that contains a pair of each homologous chromosome; on set is inherited from each parent.
Examples: body cell, fertised egg

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15
Q

What is a primary sex cell?

A

A cell contained in the gonads that will eventually become a gamete.

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16
Q

What is meiosis?

A

Cell division that produces haploid gametes from diploid cells. Usually four gametes are formed from one diploid cell.

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17
Q

Contrast spermatogenesis with oogenesis.

A

Spermatogenesis: the production of sperm cells.
Oogenesis: the production of egg cells. usually only one egg is formed from one diploid cell.

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18
Q

What is a polar body?

A

Small, non-functioning cell produced as a result of oogenesis (egg formation)

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19
Q

Summarize the work of Gregor Mendel?

A

A 19th century monk who studied heredity in garden pea plants, he published the first genetic studies and was known as the “father of genetics”.

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20
Q

What is Mendel’s Law of Dominance?

A

When orgaanisms that are pure breeds for contrasting traits are crossed, the trait expressed by the offspring is the dominant trait.

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21
Q

What is menel’s Law of Segregation?

A

Modern form: during meisosis, homologous chromosomes (with the alleles they carry) separate and go to different gamete cells.

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22
Q

What are Alleles?

A

One of two or more different forms of a gene?

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23
Q

What does homozygous meant?

A

Having two identical alleles for a trait.

Examples BB, bb

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24
Q

What does heterozygous?

A

having two different alleles for a trait.

Examples:Bb,Tt.

25
Q

What does Genotype mean?

A

The genetic make-up of an organism; the actual genes an organism has for a trait.
Example: a cat with a brown-eyed phenotype may have a heterozygous genotype (one allele for brown, one allele for blue.

26
Q

What is a phenotype?

A

The expression of a genotype; can be an appearance or a function of an organism.
Examples: tall, blue eyes, type B blood.

27
Q

What is Mendel’s Law of Independent Assortment?

A

Modern Form: the inheritance of alleles on one homologous chromosome pair has no effect on the inheritance of alleles on a different homologous chromosome pair.

28
Q

Summarise the work of Thomas Hunt Morgan?

A

received the Nobel Prize for research on a fruit fly. He located certain genes on the chromosomes; discovered X-linked genes.

29
Q

What does linkage mean?

A

Genes that are inherited together because they are located on the same chromosome; they do not independently.

30
Q

What does Crossing Over mean?

A

During meiosis, homologous, chromosomes exchange genes, results in genetic recombination.

31
Q

What does mutation mean?

A

The chemical change of a gene (DNA) that may change or prevent its function.

32
Q

What are some dominant human traits?

A 
Dark Hair
Curly Hair
Normal pigmentation.
Rh-positive blood.
Normal color vision.
33
Q

What are some recessive human traits?

A 
light hair.
straight hair.
albinism
Rh-negative blood
Color- blind vision.
34
Q

What are sex chromosomes?

A

The pair of chromosomes that determines the sex of an individual. In humans: males - XY; females - XX

35
Q

Sex-Linked Traits (X - linked traits)

A

Traits that are carried on the sex chromosomes?

Examples: color-blindness, hemophilia.

36
Q

What are some diseases caused by gene mutations?

A 
Hemophilia
Phenylketonuria
Sickle-cell anemia.
Tay-Sachs.
Cooley's anemia. 
Cystic fibrosis.
37
Q

What are Chromosomal Aberrations?

A

When the number of chromosomes is abnormal. May result in Down syndrom, Trisony 21 or Klinefelter’s syndrom - XXY

38
Q

What does Trisomy mean?

A

When the genotype contains three copies of a chromosome.

Example: trisomy 21 - Down syndrome

39
Q

What is Nondisjunction?

A

The failure of homologous chromosomes to separate in meiosis; can result in gametes with an abnormal number of chromosomes.

40
Q

Name three disorders resulting from nondisjuntion.

A

Down Syndrome
Klinefelter’s syndrome
Turners syndrome

41
Q

What is translocation?

A

The relocation of a chromosome or piece of a chromosome to another chromosome; may cause a genetic disorder.

42
Q

What are the characteristics of Klinefelter’s syndrome?

A

Male with XXY genotype.
Tall stature.
sexually underdeveloped.
may have learning difficulties.

43
Q

What are the characteristics of Turner’s syndrome?

A

Female with XO genotype (missing second X)
short, webbed neck
underdeveloped sexually; sterile.
poor spatial-relation skills.

44
Q

What is a Barr body?

A

A darkly staining mass that appears in the nucleus of female cells; it is an x-chromosome that has been inactivated.

45
Q

What is sickle-cell anemia?

A

Genetic disorder caused by a point mutation of DNA, resulting in a single amino acid substitution.
Red blood cells become sickled because of abnormal hemoglobin.
Common genetic disorder of African Americans and Hispanics.

46
Q

What does Co-dominance mean?

A

When both alleles of a heterzygous genotype are expressed (neither is recessive)

47
Q

What does pedigree mean?

A

A chart that shows the genetic family history of a specific trait.

48
Q

What is the probability that a couple will have three girls in a row?

A

1/2 x 1/2 x 1/2 = 1/8

a 50% chance for each separate event.

49
Q

What is the probability that a couple will have five daughter and a son next?

A

1/2; Each birth is an independent event. Probability for a single event does not remember past events.

50
Q

What is Recombinant DNA?

A

Molecules that contain DNA from different sources; used in genetic engineering.

51
Q

What are plasmids?

A

Small circular DNA in bacteria and some eukaryotes, that carries genes separate from the main chromosome, including those for antibiotic resistance in bacteria.

52
Q

What are Restriction Enzymes?

A

Enzymes that act as “biochemical scissors” by cutting DNA in specific places; used in genetic Engineering.

53
Q

What is the Watson-Crick DNA Model?

A

“Double helix”

  • two chains of nucleotides running in opposite directions.
  • chains are connected by bonds between sugars and phosphates.
  • between chains, nitrogen bases are connected by weak hydrogen bonds.
54
Q

What are the three types of RNA?

A
  • messenger RNA
  • transfer RNA
  • ribosomal RNA
55
Q

What is Protein Synthesis?

A

Assembly-line-like process of joining amino acids to form polypeptides; takes place at the ribosomes.

56
Q

What is the genetic code?

A

The sequence of nucleotides in a DNA molecule that determines the proper formation of protein. Each three-letter codon specifies an amino acid or a stop signal.

57
Q

What is the Gene Pool?

A

The total of all the genes in a population at a certain time.

58
Q

What is the Hardy-Weinberg Principle?

A

Allele frequencies and genotype frequencies remain constant through time, providing that the population is large, random matings occur, there is no natural selection, and no new mutations or migration.

59
Q

What are the Hardy-Weinberg Equations?

A

p + Q = 1
(p)(p) + 2pq + (q)(q) = 1
p= frequency of dominant allele
q = frequency of recessive allele

Biology (15 decks)

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