Human Circulation/Immunology

Question 1

Name the four chambers of the heart.

Answer 1

Right Atrium
Left Atrium
Right ventricle
Left ventricle

Question 2

Compare the Atrium and the ventricles

Answer 2

The two atria are located at the top of the heart and receive incoming blood from the body.
The two ventricles are below the atria and pump blood out of the heart to the body.

Question 3

Compare artery and veins

Answer 3

Artery: a thick-walled vessel that carries blood from the heart to the tissues.
Vein: a vessel that carries blood from the tissues to the heart.

Question 4

What is the aorta?

Answer 4

The major artery of the body. It carries oxygenated blood from the left ventricle to the body.

Question 5

What is the vena cavae?

Answer 5

The largest vein in the body; it brings blood from all parts of the body (except the lungs) to the right atrium.

Question 6

What is the pulmonary artery?

Answer 6

A blood vessel leading from the right ventricle to the lungs. Contains deoxygenated blood.

Question 7

What is the pulmonary vein?

Answer 7

A blood vessel that carries oxygenated blood from the lungs to the left atrium.

Question 8

What are capillaries?

Answer 8

Tiny thin-walled blood vessels that connect the smallest attires and veins and allows the exchange of nutrients and wage between the blood and tissues.

Question 9

What are Arteriole and Venule?

Answer 9

Small arteries and small veins.

Question 10

What is the Hepatic Vein?

Answer 10

A vessel that carries blood from the liver to the inferior vena cava.

Question 11

Summarise the circulatory route in the body. Begin with blood returning to the heart.

Answer 11

Vena cava, right atrium, right ventricle, pulmonary artery, lung capillaries, pulmonary veins, left atrium, left ventricle, aorta.

Question 12

What are the four principal organs of the immune system?

Answer 12

Lymph nodes.
Spleen
thymus
bone marrow.

Question 13

What is lymph fluid?

Answer 13

A watery fluid that originates from blood plasma; contained in small vessels called lymphatics. It is similar to interstitial fluid.

Question 14

Thoracic (Lymphatic Duct)

Answer 14

Large duct that receives lymph drained from entire lower body as well as the upper left extremity and left side of the head and thorax. (chest cavity)

Question 15

What are lymph Nodes?

Answer 15

Small lymphatic organ that filters dead cells and foreign particles from the lymph; contains macrophages and lymphocytes.

Question 16

What is plasma?

Answer 16

The liquid part of the blood; contains water, proteins alts, sugars and fats.

Question 17

What are the three cellular components of blood?

Answer 17

• red blood cells ( erythrocytes)
  White blood cells (leukocytes)
  platelets (thrombocytes)
  Platelets are cell fragments.

Question 18

What are stem cells?

Answer 18

A precursor cell to both red and white blood cells; found in the bone marrow.

Question 19

What are Leukocytes?

Answer 19

White blood cells:

first line of defines against invading micro-organisms.
includes lymphocytes, macrophages and monocytes.

Question 20

What are Macrophages?

Answer 20

A white blood cell that ingests infectious bacteria and foreign particles via phagocytosis.

Question 21

What are monocytes?

Answer 21

a large, circulating white blood cell, formed in bone marrow and in the spleen, that ingests foreign material.

Question 22

What are T Lymphocytes?

Answer 22

A type of white blood cell involved with cell-mediated immunity and interactions with B cells; produced in the thymus.

Question 23

What are B Lymphocytes?

Answer 23

A type of white blood cell that is capable of making and selecting a specific type of antibody once it comes into contact with the corresponding antigen.

Question 24

What are erythrocytes?

Answer 24

Red blood cells: produced in bone marrow; containing haemoglobin, lacks a nucleus when mature.

Question 25

What is haemoglobin?

Answer 25

An iron-containing protein in red blood cells that caries oxygen,

Question 26

What are Platelets?

Answer 26

A cell fragments in the blood that releases substances to begin clot formation.

Question 27

What are the four blood types resulting for the ABL blood group.

Answer 27

A, B, AB, O.

Question 28

What is agglutination.

Answer 28

Clumping of cells induced by an interaction between antibodies and antigens.

Question 29

What is an Antigen?

Answer 29

An antigen is a foreign substance (usually protein or poly saccharide_ that induces an immune response and interacts with specific antibodies.

Question 30

What an an Antibody?

Answer 30

A protein that is produced by lymphocytes in response to a foreign antigen; antigens bind to antigens to cause agglutination.

Question 31

What blood type is considered the universal donor? why?

Answer 31

A person with blood type O can donate to ABO blood types, because the blood cells lack the surfance antigens that trigger agglutination in the hose.

Question 32

What is the Rh Factor?

Answer 32

The Rh factor is a blood type of determining antigen found of red blood cells. It I can be present (Rh positive) or absent Rh (negative).

Question 33

What is an interferon?

Answer 33

A protein produced in a virus- infect cells in that inhibits viral relocation it stimulates defensive cells.