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Biologyyy > Kidneys and homeostasis > Flashcards

Kidneys and homeostasis Flashcards

1
Q

Define homeostasis.

A

keeping the internal environment constant

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2
Q

What are the conditions inside the body that must be kept stable? (4)

A

1.water content of the body must be kept constant
2.waste chemicals must be removed from the body
3.body temperatures must remain constant
4.glucose levels must remain constant

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3
Q

What are the three functions of the kidneys?

A
  1. control water content of the blood
  2. removal of urea from the blood
  3. removal of excess mineral salts from the blood
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4
Q

What is the process of removing waste called?

A

excretion

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5
Q

What is urea?

A

a waste product made in the liver

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6
Q

What makes up urine?

A

urea, water and other waste

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7
Q

How is urine excreted?

A

Through the urethra

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8
Q

What does the structure of the kidney consist of?

A

-outer layer - cortex
-inner layer - medulla

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9
Q

How does blood enter the kidney? How does blood leave the kidney?

A

Enters through the renal artery
Leaves through the renal vein

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10
Q

What is the ureter?

A

A tube that carries urine from the kidney to the bladder

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11
Q

Where is urine stored?

A

The bladder

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12
Q

What is the urethra?

A

tube that carries urine from the bladder out of the body

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13
Q

What is the purpose of the nephron?

A

osmoregulation, removes excess salts and excess water from the blood

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14
Q

What are the two stages in the production of urine by the nephron?

A
  1. Ultrafiltration - filtration of small molecules under pressure from the capillary knot into the Bowman’s capsule
  2. Reabsorption - useful molecules are reapsorped back into the blood from the tube
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15
Q

What does the ADH hormone do?

A

Make the nephron more permeable to absorption of water

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16
Q

What should the urine solution contain?

A

Urea,excess salts and excess water

17
Q

What does blood in urine mean?

A

Kidney disease

18
Q

What does protein in urine mean? How do you test for it?

A

Kidney disease
Biuret test (-ve blue +ve lilac)

19
Q

What does glucose in urine mean? How do you test for it?

A

Diabetes
Benedicts solution (heated strongly) -ve blue +ve green, orange, brick red

20
Q

How is kidney failure treated?

A

Dialysis or Transplant

21
Q

What does dialysis do?

A

restores the concentration of dissolved substances in the blood to a normal level

22
Q

How is the blood kept separate from the dialysis fluid?

A

by a semi-permeable membrane

23
Q

Why are the flows in opposite directions?

A

To maintain a concentration gradient

24
Q

Why does the dialysis fluid contains the same concentration of glucose and salts as normal blood plasma?

A

So no net diffusion of glucose out of blood

25
Q

Why does the dialysis fluid contain no urea?

A

Urea is higher in the blood and therefore diffuses into dialysis fluid

26
Q

What happens to the excess salts in the blood in a dialysis machine?

A

Diffused into the dialysis fluid

27
Q

Where is the transplant?

A

Implanted at the bottom of the abdomen, close to the thigh and connected to the blood supply

28
Q

How can you reduce the chance of rejection before a transplant?

A

Make sure that the tissue type of the donor and recipient need to be similar therefore close family are less likely to reject

29
Q

How can you reduce the chance of rejection after a transplant?

A

The donor must take drugs

30
Q

What are the advantages of dialysis?

A

non-invasive treatment, no drugs needed, no problems with rejection after treatment

31
Q

What are the advantages of a transpant?

A

potential cure, no diet restrictions, doesn’t have to visit hospital weekly

32
Q

What are the disadvantages of dialysis?

A

temporary treatment, diet restrictions, patient must visit hospital weekly

33
Q

What are the disadvantages of a transplant?

A

treatment involves major surgery, patient must take drugs to suppress immune system, body may reject new kidney

34
Q

What are some of the ethical issues with a transplant?

A

xenotransplants
kidney donor schemes
living donors
buying and selling of organs
availability of dialysis machines

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