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Biologyyy gcse > Disease, defence and treatment > Flashcards

Disease, defence and treatment Flashcards

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1
Q

What is droplet infection and how is it transferred? Give 3 examples

A

When you cough/sneeze tiny droplets are released into the air and then others breathe it in
Influenza, Tuberculosis, Common Cold

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2
Q

What is direct contact and how is it transferred? Give 2 examples

A

Spread by direct contact, very infectious
Genital herpes, impetigo

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3
Q

How do cuts lead to diseases? Give 2 examples

A

Break/cut in skin can allow microbes direct entry inside your body
HIV/AIDS, hepatitis

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4
Q

How is contaminated food/drink transferred? Give 2 examples

A

Eating raw meat can lead to you putting many microbes into your stomach
Food poisoning, salmonella

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5
Q

Describe a virus structure

A

Protein spikes, Protein coat and a DNA (genome)

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6
Q

The immune system recognises which part of the pathogen? why?

A

Antigens are chemicals on the surface of all cells. The antigens of cells that don’t belong to the body are recognised as foreign, and can stimulate an immune response.

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7
Q

Describe a bacteria structure

A

Cell wall, Cell membrane, cytoplasm and genes

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8
Q

How do bacteria make us feel ill?

A

May produce toxins that make us feel ill and damage tissue

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9
Q

How do virus’ make us feel ill?

A

They live and reproduce inside host cells, causing damage

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10
Q

What is phagocyte?

A

A type of white blood cell

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11
Q

Describe the 4 steps of phagocytosis

A

1.Pathogen recognised by phagocyte as a foreign body
2.Pathogen is engulfed by phagocyte
3.Lysosomes inside the phagocyte breakdown and destroy pathogen
4.Waste is expelled from the phagocyte

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12
Q

What are lysosomes?

A

enzymes

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13
Q

Describe the process of antitoxin production.

A

The lymphocyte recognises the bacteria and produces antitoxins to neutralise the toxins produced by the bacteria.

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14
Q

Describe the process of antibody production/Primary response

A

Specific proteins are formed on the pathogens surface (antigens)
Lymphocyte produces antibodies that have a specific shape to the antigen and bind. This will prevent the pathogen from causing harm by destroying the pathogen.

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15
Q

Describe Secondary Response

A

Lymphocytes detect the pathogen (encountered in 1st response) , the memory cells ‘remember’ the antibody required for the antigen. Antibody is rapidly reproduced to take the pathogen

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16
Q

Compare Primary Response to Secondary Response

A

Primary is:
slower, gradual and has lower max antibody production
Secondary is:
faster, rapid production and has higher max of antibody production

17
Q

Define herd immunity

A

If a large proportion of the population is immune to a pathogen the spread of the pathogen is very much reduced

18
Q

Why are vaccines recommended?

A

They reduce the risk of death, reduce the likelihood of severe symptoms

19
Q

Why do some people dislike vaccines?

A

might suffer from high reactions,

20
Q

What are new drugs tested for?

A

Efficacy, toxicity and dose

21
Q

What is efficacy?

A

How well the medication works

22
Q

What is toxicity?

A

The medications harmfulness

23
Q

What is the dose?

A

The amount of drug in a medications

24
Q

What are the 6 stages of drug testing?

A
  1. Computer simulation
  2. Tissue and organ testing
  3. Animal testing
  4. Small clinical trials on healthy volunteers
  5. Small clinical trials on affected patients
  6. Large scale clinical trials
25
Q

Define a double blind trial

A

A trial where neither the researchers nor the volunteer know whether the volunteer has taken the new medicine or the placebo

26
Q

What is the point of double blind trials?

A

to see how effective new medicines are and eliminate psychological effects

27
Q

What are 5 factors affecting people with autism?

A

Age, genetics, medical conditions, growth in population, better diagnoses

28
Q

What are monoclonal antibodies?

A

Singular, specialised, immune defences against pathogens

29
Q

What do monoclonal antibodies do?

A

Provide passive immunity

30
Q

How do bacteria reproduce?

A

via binary fission

31
Q

How do viruses reproduce?

A

In suitable host cells they replicate into themselves

32
Q

Why are viruses not considered to be living cells?

A

They don’t have a nucleus, organelles or cytoplasms so they can’t monitor or create change in their internal environment

33
Q

Define antibiotic

A

a susbstance produced by a microorganism to kill other microorganisms
e.g penicillin, penicillium

34
Q

Define pathogen

A

a disease causing microorganism

35
Q

What is the causative agent of AIDS and is it a virus, bacteria or protist?

A

HIV, virus

36
Q

What is the causative agent of chlamydia and is it a virus, bacteria or protist?

A

Chlamydiatrachomatis, bacteria

37
Q

What is the causative agent of malaria and is it a virus, bacteria or protist?

A

Plasmodium, protist

Biologyyy gcse (9 decks)

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