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Gross Anatomy--Block 2 CC > Kidneys and Associated Structures > Flashcards

Kidneys and Associated Structures Flashcards

1
Q

The two kidneys function to

A

excrete most of the waste products of metabolism.

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2
Q

The kidneys play a major role

A

in controlling the water and electrolyte balance within the body.

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3
Q

The kidneys also aid in maintaining the

A

acid-base balance of the blood

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4
Q

Waste products leave the kidneys as

A

urine, which passes down the ureters to the urinary bladder (located within the pelvis)

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5
Q

Urine leaves the body in the

A

urethra

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6
Q

Where are the kidneys located?

A

Lie behind the peritoneum high up on posterior abdominal wall on either side of the vertebral colum

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7
Q

The right kidneys lies _____ than the left kidney. Why?

A

slightly lower; large size of the right lobe of the liver

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8
Q

True/False: With contraction of the diaphragm during respiration, both kidneys move upward in a vertical direction by as much as 1 inch.

A

False; downward

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9
Q

Anterior Relationships to the right kidney:

A

Surprarenal Gland
Liver
2nd part of the Duodenum
Right Colic Flexure

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10
Q

Posterior Relationships to the right kidney:

A 
Diaphragm
Costodiaphragmatic recess of pleura
12th rib
psoas
Quadratus lumborum
Transversus Abdominus Muscles
Subcostal (T12)
Iliohypogastric and ilioinguinal nerves (L1) run downward and laterally
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11
Q

Anterior Relationships for the Left Kidney:

A 
Surprarenal Gland
Spleen
Stomach
Pancreas
Left Colic Flexure
Coils of Jejunum
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12
Q

Posterior Relationships for the Left Kidney:

A 
Diaphragm
Costodiaphragmatic recess of pleura
11th AND 12th ribs (remember left kidney is higher)
psoas
Quadratus lumborum
Transversus Abdominus Muscles
Subcostal (T12)
Iliohypogastric and ilioinguinal nerves (L1) run downward and laterally
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13
Q

This is a vertical slit on the medial concave border of each kidney that is bounded by thick lips of renal substance.

A

Hilum

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14
Q

Hilum extends into a large cavity called the

A

renal sinus

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15
Q

The hilum transmits:

A
  • renal vein
  • two branches of the renal artery
  • ureter
  • third branch of renal artery
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16
Q

Lymph vessels and sympathetic fibers also pass through the ___

A

hilum

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17
Q

Name the coverings of the kidneys

A
  • Fibrous capsule
  • Perirenal Fat
  • Renal Fascia
  • Pararenal Fat
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18
Q

____ surrounds the kidney and is closely applied to its outer surface

A

Fibrous Capsule

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19
Q

___ covers the fibrous capsule

A

Perirenal Fat

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20
Q

___ is a condensation of connective tissue that lies outside of perirenal fat and encloses the kidneys and surprarenal glands; it is continuous laterally with the fascia transversalis

A

Renal Fascia

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21
Q

____ lies external to the renal fascia and is often in large quantity. It also forms part of the retroperitoneal fat.

A

Pararenal Fat

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22
Q

Each kidney has a dark brown ____ and a light brown ____.

A

outer cortex; inner medulla

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23
Q

The medulla is composed of about a dozen _____, each having its base oriented toward the cortex and its apex, the ____, projecting toward the hilum.

A

Renal pyramids, renal papilla

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24
Q

The cortex extends into the medulla between the adjacent pyramids as the ___

A

renal columns

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25
Q

Striations that extend from the bases of the renal pyramids into the cortex(es)

A

Medullary Rays

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26
Q

The renal sinus contains the upper expanded end of the ureter called the

A

Renal Pelvis

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27
Q

The renal pelvis divides into 2-3 ____ which further divides into 2-3 ____.

A

Major Calyces; Minor Calyces

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28
Q

Each minor calyx is indented by the apex of the renal pyramid, the _____

A

renal papilla

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29
Q

______ arise from each segmental artery, one for each renal pyramid

A

Lobar Arteries

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30
Q

Before entering the renal substance, each lobar artery gives off 2-3 _______

A

interlobar arteries

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31
Q

The interlobar arteries run toward the ____ on each side of the renal pyramid

A

cortex

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32
Q

The interlobar arteries give off ____ at the junction of the cortex and the medulla

A

arcuate arteries

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33
Q

These _____, given off by the interlobar arteries, arch over the bases of the pyramids

A

arcuate arteries

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34
Q

The _____ arise as branches of the interlobar artieries

A

afferent glomerular arterioles

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35
Q

The arcuate arteries give off several ___ that ascend into the cortex

A

interlobar arteries

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36
Q

____ arises from the aorta at the level of the 2nd lumbar vertebra

A

Renal Artery

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37
Q

Each renal artery divides into _____ that enter the hilum of the kidney

A

5 segmental arteries

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38
Q

____ is composed of renal corpuscles, proximal and distal convoluted tubules, cortical collecting tubules and the blood vessels that supply it.

A

Renal Cortex

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39
Q

The ___ is made up of Renal Pyramids

A

Renal Medulla

40
Q

The renal pyramids can be divided into three zones:

A

outer medulla, inner medulla, renal papillae

41
Q

Name the tubules that run parallel to each other and form the renal medulla.

A
  • Descending limb of loop of Henle
  • Ascending limb of Loop of Henle
  • Cortical Collecting Tubules
  • Collecting Ducts
  • Papillary Ducts
42
Q

____ drain urine into the minor calyces then to the ____.

A

Papillary ducts; major calyces

43
Q

The major calices merge into the ____, which drains urine into the renal ureter

A

Renal pelvis

44
Q

This is a basic functional unit of the kidney comprised of a renal corpuscle, proximal convoluted tubule, loop of Henle, and distal convoluted tubule.

A

Nephron

45
Q

_____ is composed of a glomerulus and a Bowman capsule

A

Renal Corpuscle

46
Q

_____ consists of a spherical knot of capillaries, which is fed by an afferent arteriole and drained by an efferent arteriole at the vascular pole.

A

Glomerulus

47
Q

____ consists of a visceral layer and a parietal layer

A

Bowman Capsule

48
Q

The visceral layer of the Bowman’s capsule is composed of ____, which cover the capillaries of a glomerulus.

A

Podocytes

49
Q

Podocytes have a long, interdigitating cellular process and also play a role in _____

A

blood filtration

50
Q

Interstitial tissues surrounding the glomerular capillaries contain cells called _____

A

intraglomerular mesangial cells

51
Q

The parietal layer of the Bowman Capsule is a hollow spherical structure lined by ______

A

simple squamous epithelium

52
Q

Bowman’s Space

A

space between visceral and parietal layers of Bowman’s capsule

53
Q

The filtrate is collected within the

A

Bowman Space

54
Q

The renal corpuscle, as a whole, forms a blood filtering unit, which allows____ ?

A

water, metabolic wastes, ions and small molecules to pass through the capillary wall but prevents circulating cells and large plasma proteins from leaving the blood

55
Q

Distal convoluted tubules are lined by

A

small, simple cuboidal epithelial cells (which have no brush border)

56
Q

___ are tightly packed group of cells w/in DIstal Convoluted Tubules that senses and monitors ionic content and water volume of the filtrate

A

Macula Densa

57
Q

____ are long tubes that follow a serpertine course as they drain the filtrate from the renal corpuscles into the loop of Henle.

A

Proximal Convoluted Tubules

58
Q

Explain the difference between a Hilum and a Sinus.

A

Hilum–Doorway/Passage way where structures pass through

Sinus–cavity where structures may lie

59
Q

Each proximal convoluted tubules is lined by ______ (brush border) bordering the lumen.

A

simple cuboidal epithelium with abundant long microvilli

60
Q

Each proximal convoluted tubule connects to a renal corpuscle at its

A

urinary pole

61
Q

The combined structural features of the proximal convoluted tubules contribute to their functions of:

A

actively transporting ions and reabsorbing water, glucose, amino acids, proteins and vitamins from the filtrates

62
Q

___ a continuation of the proximal convoluted tubule

A

Loop of Henle

63
Q

The Loop of Henle is a U-shaped structure that includes a (n)_____ and a(n) ______

A

descending limb; ascending limb

64
Q

The descending limb is permeable to

A

water, chlorine and sodium ions

65
Q

The tubules of the descending limb ______

A

reabsorb water and salts, and also reduce the volume of the filtrate that has passed through the proximal convoluted tubules

66
Q

The ascending limb is impermeable to ____ and actively pumps ____ and ____ from the tubes back into the medullary interstitium.

A

water; chlorine and sodium ions

67
Q

The _____ remove Na+ and add K+ to the filtrate if aldosterone stimulation is present.

A

distal convoluted tubules

68
Q

____ also reabsorb bicarbonate ions and secrete ammonium to adjust the pH balance.

A

Distal Convoluted Tubules

69
Q

What does the collecting system consist of?

A

Cortical Collecting Tubules
Collecting Ducts
Papillary Ducts

70
Q

Both collecting tubules and ducts have

A

a clear cytoplasm and distinct cell-to-cell boundaries

71
Q

Under the influence of the Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH), the tubules

A

become highly permeable to water

72
Q

Depending on ______, the tubules passively diffuse a variable volume of water from their lumens into the medullary interstitium, thus increasing the concentration of urine.

A

ADH levels

73
Q

The two ureters lie in the ________, laterally positioned on each side of the vertebral column.

A

extraperitoneal connective tissue

74
Q

The ureters are long, relatively small tubules by _____ and surrounded by a thin layer of smooth muscle and connective tissue.

A

Transitional Epithelium

75
Q

What do the ureters drain superiorly?

A

the (funnel-shaped) renal pelvis

76
Q

What do the ureters drain inferiorly?

A

they empty into the bladder by penetrating its posterior wall.

77
Q

The ureters have a much ____ wall in comparison to the bladder.

A

thinner

78
Q

The wall of the ureter is composed of:

A

mucosa
Muscularis
Adventitia

79
Q

A distensible sac-shaped organ located in the pelvic cavity, the _____, temporarily stores urine

A

Urinary Bladder

80
Q

The urinary bladder has 3 openings. What are they for?

A

Two of them are for ureters to enter and one for emptying urine into the urethra

81
Q

The Urinary Bladder wall consists of ____, ____, and _____.

A

Mucosal, Muscularies, Adventitial Layers

82
Q

The bladder wall is much thicker, having three substantial layers of

A

smooth muscle in the muscularis

83
Q

The muscularis contracts in _____ to enable the urinary bladder to empty urine.

A

different directions

84
Q

The bladder empties urine into the ____ for transport outside of the body

A

urethra

85
Q

The ______ are yellowish retroperitoneal organs that lie on the upper poles of the kidneys.

A

two suprarenal glands

86
Q

The two suprarental glands are surrounded by _______

A

renal fascia

87
Q

The suprarenal glands are separated from the kidneys by the _______

A

perirenal fat

88
Q

Each suprarenal gland has a yellow ______ and dark brown _____.

A

cortex; medulla

89
Q

The medulla of the suprarenal glands secretes the catecholamines (________ and ________).

A

ephinephrine and norepinephrine

90
Q

The arteries supplying the suprarenal glands are: (3)

A

inferior phrenic artery, aorta, renal artery

91
Q

A _____ emerges from the hilum of each gland and drains the inferior vena cava on the right and the renal vein on the left

A

single vein

92
Q

________ ______ ___ derived from the splanchnic nerves supply the glands. Most of the nerves end in the medulla of the gland.

A

Preganglionic Sympathetic Fibers

93
Q

The cortex of the suprarenal glands secretes hormones ____ and _____.

A

Mineral Corticoids and Glucocorticords

94
Q

The _______ _______ are concerned with the control of fluid and electrolyte balance

A

Mineral Corticoids

95
Q

The ______ are concerned with the control of the metabolism of carbs, fats and proteins

A

Glucocorticoids

96
Q

The Suprarenal Cortex also secretes a small amount of _____, which probably play a role in the prepubertal development of the sex organs.

A

sex hormones

Gross Anatomy--Block 2 CC (8 decks)

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