Kidneys And Assoc. Structures

Question 1

Function of kidneys

Answer 1

Excrete most of the waste products of metabolism

Play a major role in controlling the water and electrolyte balance in the body

Maintain pH balance in blood

Question 2

Waste products leave the kidneys as:

Answer 2

Urine

Question 3

Urine passes down the _______ to the _______ _______ from the kidneys . Then leaves the body through the _____

Answer 3

Ureters, urinary bladder, urethra

Question 4

Location of the kidneys

Answer 4

Behind the peritoneum, high up on the posterior abdominal wall on either side of the vertebral column.

Question 5

Right kidney vs Left kidney

Answer 5

Right kidney lies lower than the left, due to shape of liver.

Question 6

Kidneys move during respiration due to:

Answer 6

Contraction of the diaphragm

Question 7

Right kidney relationships with other organs

Answer 7

Anteriorly: suprarenal gland, liver, 2nd part of duodenum, right colic flexure

Posteriorly: diaphragm,12th rib, 3 main muscles of abdomen

Question 8

Left kidney relationships with other organs

Answer 8

Anteriorly: Suprarenal gland, spleen, stomach, pancreas, left colic flexure, coils of jejunum

Posteriorly: diaphragm, 11th and 12th ribs, muscles of abdomen

Question 9

Medial concave border of each kidney contains a vertical slit bounded by thick lips of renal substance known as the:

Answer 9

Hilum

Question 10

The Hilum extends into a large cavity of the kidney known as the

Answer 10

Renal sinus

Question 11

From the front backward, the components of the Hilum

Answer 11

Renal vein

2 branches of renal artery

Ureter

3rd branch of renal artery

Also, lymph and symp. Fibers pass through

Question 12

Surrounds the kidney and is closely applied to its outer surface

Answer 12

Fibrous capsule

Question 13

Covers the fibrous capsule

Answer 13

Perirenal fat

Question 14

Condensation of CT that lies outside the peri renal fat and encloses the kidneys and suprarenal glands; continues laterally with the fascia transversalis

Answer 14

Renal fascia

Question 15

Lies external to the renal fascia and is often in large quantity. Forms parts of the Retroperitoneal fat

Answer 15

Pararenal fat

Question 16

Order of coverings of kidney

Answer 16

Fibrous capsule, perirenal fat, renal fascia, pararenal fat

Question 17

Renal structure

Answer 17

Dark brown outer CORTEX

Light brown inner MEDULLA

Medulla has about a dozen renal PYRAMIDS, base towards cortex

at apex of pyramids, there are renal PAPILLA projecting towards hilum

Between renal pyramids, there are renal COLUMNS

Question 18

Extending from the bases of the renal pyramids into the cortex are striations known as:

Answer 18

Medullary rays

Question 19

What is the renal pelvis?

Answer 19

The upper expanded part of the ureter, contained in the hilum

Question 20

The renal pelvis divided into:

Answer 20

3 major calyces

Question 21

Each major calyx divdes into:

Answer 21

Minor calyces, which then creates the renal papilla

Question 22

Arteries in the kidneys

Answer 22

Renal arteries -> segmental arteries -> interlobar arteries -> arcuate arteries -> interlobular arteries

Question 23

Each renal pyramid receives one:

Answer 23

Segmental artery

Question 24

Composition of Renal Cortex

Answer 24

Renal corpuscles

Proximal and distal convoluted tubules

cortical collecting tubules

Blood vessels

Question 25

Renal medulla composition

Answer 25

Renal pyramids (outer medulla, inner medulla, and renal papillae) Descending lump of the loop of henle Ascending limb of the loop of henle Cortical collecting tubules Collecting ducts Papillary ducts

Question 26

What do the papillary ducts do?

Answer 26

Drain urine into the minor calyces

Question 27

Direction of urine flow

Answer 27

Minor calyces -> major calyces -> renal pelvis -> renal ureter

Question 28

Basic functional unit of the kidney

Answer 28

Nephron

Question 29

Composed of a glomerulus and bowman capsule

Answer 29

Renal corpuscle

Question 30

What is the glomerulus?

Answer 30

A spherical knot of capillaries, fed by an afferent arteriolar and drained by an efferent arteriolar at the vascular pole

Question 31

covers the capillaries of the glomerulus in the visceral layer of the bowman capsule

Answer 31

Podocytes

Question 32

Podocytes play an important role in

Answer 32

Blood filtration

Question 33

The interstitial tissues surrounding the glomerular capillaries contain cells called:

Answer 33

Intraglomerular mesangial cells

Question 34

Parietal layer of the bowman capsule

Answer 34

Hollow spherical structure lines by simple squamous epithelium

Question 35

What is the bowman space?

Answer 35

Space between the visceral and parietal layers of the bowman capsule

Question 36

What is the renal corpuscle?

Answer 36

A blood filtering unit, which allows water, metabolic wasters, ions, and small molecules to pass through the capillary wall but prevents circulating cells and large plasma proteins from leaving the blood

Question 37

What lines the proximal convulated tubules?

Answer 37

Simple cuboidal epithelium with long microvilli (brush border)

Question 38

Each proximal convoluted tubules connects to a renal corpuscle at its:

Answer 38

Urinary pole

Question 39

Function of Proximal Convoluted Tubules

Answer 39

Actively transporting ions and reabsorbing water, glucose, AAs, proteins, and vitamins from the filtrate

Question 40

u-shaped structure that includes a descending limp and ascending limb

Answer 40

Loop of Henle

Question 41

Limb of loop of henle that is permeable to water, Cl, and Na ions

Answer 41

Descending limb

Question 42

Limb of loop of henle that is impermeable to water, but pumps Cl and Na ions back into the medullary interstitium

Answer 42

Ascending limb

Question 43

Distal convoluted tubules are lined with:

Answer 43

Simple cuboidal epithelial cells with no brush border

Question 44

What is the macula densa?

Answer 44

Tightly packed group of cells in the Distal Convoluted Tubules that she's and monitor ionic content and water volume of filtrate

Question 45

Distal convoluted tubules remove ___ and ____ if ____ is present

Answer 45

Na and K , aldosterone stimulation

Question 46

Distal convoluted tubules reabsorb _______ and secrete _______ to balance ___

Answer 46

Bicarbonate ions, ammonium, pH

Question 47

Collecting System

Answer 47

Collecting tubules, collecting ducts, and papillary ducts

Question 48

The collecting system become highly permeable to water under the influence of:

Answer 48

ADH

Question 49

Ureters are lined with:

Answer 49

Transitional epithelium, and a thin layer of smooth muscle and CT

Question 50

Openings of the Urinary bladder

Answer 50

2 for ureters, one for emptying urine to the urethra

Question 51

Layers of the Urinary bladder (and ureters)

Answer 51

Mucosal, muscularis, and adventitial 3 layers of smooth muscle in muscularis

Question 52

The muscularis of the uriniary bladder contracts in ____ ________ to enable the urine to empty from the bladder

Answer 52

Different directions

Question 53

The suprarenal glands are surrounds by

Answer 53

Renal fascia

Question 54

Each suprarenal gland has a

Answer 54

Yellow cortex and dark brown medulla

Question 55

Cortex of suprarenal glands secrete

Answer 55

Mineral corticoids

Question 56

Mineral corticoids controls:

Answer 56

Fluid and electrolyte balance and glucocorticoids

Question 57

Glucocorticoids are controlled by and control the:

Answer 57

Controlled by mineral corticoids, and control metabolism of carbs, fats, and proteins. Also small amount of sex hormones

Question 58

Suprarenal gland medulla secretes:

Answer 58

Epinephrine and norepinephrine

Question 59

Arteries supplying the suprarenal glands

Answer 59

Inferior phrenic artery, aorta, and renal artery

Question 60

What drains the blood of the suprarenal glands?

Answer 60

A single vein from each hilum of the kidney

Question 61

What innervated the suprarenal glands?

Answer 61

Preganglionic sympathetic fibers of spanchnic nerves