kidneys Flashcards
what are the functions of the kidney
osmoregulation-the regulation of water content in the body
removes waste products from the blood
what does glucose in urine
indicate
diabetes
what does blood in the urine indicate
kidney damage or disease
why is osmoregulation important
● Prevents cells bursting or shrinking when water enters or leaves by osmosis.
● Cellular reactions occur in aqueous solution ∴ water levels affect concentrations and the
rate of reactions in cells
how do you treat kidney disease
kidney disease
There are two methods of treating kidney disease:
● Kidney dialysis
● Kidney transplant
what does ADH control
the volume of water that is reabsorbed back into the blood by osmosis
what is a nephron
a functional unit where filtration and selective reabsorption takes place to produce urine
what molecules are filtered out of the blood in to the bowman capsule
small molecules
urea
glucose
water
salts
why does protein not get reabsorbed
too big of a molcule to fit through the pores of the capillary walls
what does osmoregulation ensure
The water content of the blood is adjusted:
● If blood water levels are high, more dilute urine is produced.
● If blood water levels are low, more concentrated urine is produced.
ADH
The volume of water reabsorbed is controlled by anti-diuretic hormone, ADH, which is
secreted by the pituitary gland. ADH causes the kidneys to reabsorb more water into the
blood producing more concentrated urine.
what components are present in the urine
what components are present in the blood
salts water and urea
everything
filtrate
water salts urea and glucose
how is blood brought to the kidney
Blood is brought to the kidneys by the renal artery.
what are all the parts of the excretory system
renal artery -aorta
renal vein -vena cava
kidney
ureter
bladder
ureathra
what are all the parts of the kidney
the outer cortex
the medulla
the pelvis
how is the urine formed
blood is brought to the kidney by the renal artery the kidney forms urine the urine drains down the ureter to the bladder where it is stored then it exits via the urethra the blood is taken back to the vena cava and the renal vein
what does biuret test for
protein the color change is blue to purple
what does benidicts test for
glucose
turns fron blue to brick red or green yellow if it is low
what does the cortex contain
the cortex contains the capillary knots of the cortex
what does the medulla contain
the loops of the nephron and the collecting ducts
what is the pelvis
where the ureter leaves the kidney
what are all the parts of the nephron
arteriole in
the arteriole out
the capillary knot
bowmans capsule
the tubule
the collecting duct
the
what brings the blood into the nephron
the arteriole bringing the blood to each capillary knot is wider than the one taking it away . This means that the blood in the capillary knot build up to a high pressure builds up.
what happens when there is a build of high pressure
his high blood pressure forces small molecules in the blood out of the capillary and into the Bowman’s capsule. These small molecules are water, salts, urea and glucose. This process is called ultrafiltration. The large plasma proteins and red blood cells are too big to leave
what is the solution in the bowmans capsule called
the fluid in the Bowman’s capsule, often called the filtrate, is a solution of glucose, salts and urea dissolved in water.
what are the three processes of the kidney
- filtration
- selective reabsorption
- regulation of water content
selective reabsorption
Some of the substances in this filtrate are needed by the body.
All of the glucose, much of the water and some of the salts need to be reabsorbed into the blood.
The blood capillaries around the kidney tubules reabsorb these useful substances back from the fluid in the kidney tubule into the blood.
This process is called selective reabsorption.
what happens to the remaining urea
The remaining fluid, containing urea and the excess water and salts, passes to the collecting duct. The fluid is now called urine. The urine from all the nephrons in the kidneys flows into the ureters, which take it to the bladder. The bladder stores urine until it passes out of the body along the urethra.
what happens when the water contents are to high or too low
WHEN IT IS TOO LOW :
As the water level in the blood decreases (and the blood becomes more concentrated), there is an increase in the secretion of anti-diuretic hormone (ADH) from the pituitary gland. This causes the kidney to reabsorb more water and so a small volume of concentrated urine is produced.
WHEN IT IS HIGH:
If the water level of the blood increases (and the blood becomes more dilute), there is a decrease in the secretion of ADH from the pituitary gland. This causes the kidney to reabsorb less water and so a large volume of dilute urine is produced.
what happens when the 1 of the persons kidney fails
it is still possible to live
what are the two types of treatments for kidney failiure
kidney dialysis -the patient is attached to an artificial machine which removes waste and restore the balance of salts and water in the blood
kidney transplant - anew kidney can be placed in to the body so that the kidney function is restored
what is the process of kidney dialysis
the blood flows in to the machine at high pressure. It then passes through the tube which is surrounded by a solution of glucose and ions in water (the dialysing solution). This solution is kept flowing all the time so that it is constantly replaced with fresh solution.
There is no urea in the dialysing solution, so urea diffuses from the blood into the solution on the other side of the membrane.
A counter-current system operates in the dialysis machine. This means that the blood flows in the opposite direction to the dialysis solution. This ensures that there is always a diffusion gradient for urea.
what are the disadvantages of kidney dialysis
the person has to spend long hours connected to a dialysis machine the have to travel to the hospital very often foe the treatment
between treatments patients have to restrict fluid and salt intake
what are the disadvantages of kidney transplant and 1 advantage
there is a chance of rejection
the person may need multiple transplant s during their life time as transplanted kidneys have a limited life span
it gives them a better quality of life
