kidneys

Question 1

what are the functions of the kidney

Answer 1

osmoregulation-the regulation of water content in the body
removes waste products from the blood

Question 2

what does glucose in urine
indicate

Answer 2

diabetes

Question 3

what does blood in the urine indicate

Answer 3

kidney damage or disease

Question 4

why is osmoregulation important

Answer 4

● Prevents cells bursting or shrinking when water enters or leaves by osmosis.
● Cellular reactions occur in aqueous solution ∴ water levels affect concentrations and the
rate of reactions in cells

Question 5

how do you treat kidney disease

Answer 5

kidney disease
There are two methods of treating kidney disease:
● Kidney dialysis
● Kidney transplant

Question 6

what does ADH control

Answer 6

the volume of water that is reabsorbed back into the blood by osmosis

Question 7

what is a nephron

Answer 7

a functional unit where filtration and selective reabsorption takes place to produce urine

Question 8

what molecules are filtered out of the blood in to the bowman capsule

Answer 8

small molecules
urea
glucose
water
salts

Question 9

why does protein not get reabsorbed

Answer 9

too big of a molcule to fit through the pores of the capillary walls

Question 10

what does osmoregulation ensure

Answer 10

The water content of the blood is adjusted:
● If blood water levels are high, more dilute urine is produced.
● If blood water levels are low, more concentrated urine is produced.

Question 11

ADH

Answer 11

The volume of water reabsorbed is controlled by anti-diuretic hormone, ADH, which is
secreted by the pituitary gland. ADH causes the kidneys to reabsorb more water into the
blood producing more concentrated urine.

Question 12

what components are present in the urine
what components are present in the blood

Answer 12

salts water and urea
everything

Question 13

filtrate

Answer 13

water salts urea and glucose

Question 14

how is blood brought to the kidney

Answer 14

Blood is brought to the kidneys by the renal artery.

Question 15

what are all the parts of the excretory system

Answer 15

renal artery -aorta
renal vein -vena cava
kidney
ureter
bladder
ureathra

Question 16

what are all the parts of the kidney

Answer 16

the outer cortex
the medulla
the pelvis

Question 17

how is the urine formed

Answer 17

blood is brought to the kidney by the renal artery the kidney forms urine the urine drains down the ureter to the bladder where it is stored then it exits via the urethra the blood is taken back to the vena cava and the renal vein

Question 18

what does biuret test for

Answer 18

protein the color change is blue to purple

Question 19

what does benidicts test for

Answer 19

glucose
turns fron blue to brick red or green yellow if it is low

Question 20

what does the cortex contain

Answer 20

the cortex contains the capillary knots of the cortex

Question 21

what does the medulla contain

Answer 21

the loops of the nephron and the collecting ducts

Question 22

what is the pelvis

Answer 22

where the ureter leaves the kidney

Question 23

what are all the parts of the nephron

Answer 23

arteriole in
the arteriole out
the capillary knot
bowmans capsule
the tubule
the collecting duct
the

Question 24

what brings the blood into the nephron

Answer 24

the arteriole bringing the blood to each capillary knot is wider than the one taking it away . This means that the blood in the capillary knot build up to a high pressure builds up.

Question 25

what happens when there is a build of high pressure

Answer 25

his high blood pressure forces small molecules in the blood out of the capillary and into the Bowman’s capsule. These small molecules are water, salts, urea and glucose. This process is called ultrafiltration. The large plasma proteins and red blood cells are too big to leave

Question 26

what is the solution in the bowmans capsule called

Answer 26

the fluid in the Bowman’s capsule, often called the filtrate, is a solution of glucose, salts and urea dissolved in water.

Question 27

what are the three processes of the kidney

Answer 27

1. filtration 2. selective reabsorption 3. regulation of water content

Question 28

selective reabsorption

Answer 28

Some of the substances in this filtrate are needed by the body. All of the glucose, much of the water and some of the salts need to be reabsorbed into the blood. The blood capillaries around the kidney tubules reabsorb these useful substances back from the fluid in the kidney tubule into the blood. This process is called selective reabsorption.

Question 29

what happens to the remaining urea

Answer 29

The remaining fluid, containing urea and the excess water and salts, passes to the collecting duct. The fluid is now called urine. The urine from all the nephrons in the kidneys flows into the ureters, which take it to the bladder. The bladder stores urine until it passes out of the body along the urethra.

Question 30

what happens when the water contents are to high or too low

Answer 30

WHEN IT IS TOO LOW : As the water level in the blood decreases (and the blood becomes more concentrated), there is an increase in the secretion of anti-diuretic hormone (ADH) from the pituitary gland. This causes the kidney to reabsorb more water and so a small volume of concentrated urine is produced. WHEN IT IS HIGH: If the water level of the blood increases (and the blood becomes more dilute), there is a decrease in the secretion of ADH from the pituitary gland. This causes the kidney to reabsorb less water and so a large volume of dilute urine is produced.

Question 31

what happens when the 1 of the persons kidney fails

Answer 31

it is still possible to live

Question 32

what are the two types of treatments for kidney failiure

Answer 32

kidney dialysis -the patient is attached to an artificial machine which removes waste and restore the balance of salts and water in the blood kidney transplant - anew kidney can be placed in to the body so that the kidney function is restored

Question 33

what is the process of kidney dialysis

Answer 33

the blood flows in to the machine at high pressure. It then passes through the tube which is surrounded by a solution of glucose and ions in water (the dialysing solution). This solution is kept flowing all the time so that it is constantly replaced with fresh solution. There is no urea in the dialysing solution, so urea diffuses from the blood into the solution on the other side of the membrane. A counter-current system operates in the dialysis machine. This means that the blood flows in the opposite direction to the dialysis solution. This ensures that there is always a diffusion gradient for urea.

Question 34

what are the disadvantages of kidney dialysis

Answer 34

the person has to spend long hours connected to a dialysis machine the have to travel to the hospital very often foe the treatment between treatments patients have to restrict fluid and salt intake

Question 35

what are the disadvantages of kidney transplant and 1 advantage

Answer 35

there is a chance of rejection the person may need multiple transplant s during their life time as transplanted kidneys have a limited life span it gives them a better quality of life