kidney diseases Flashcards
Disorders of kidney development
10% of people born with potentially significant malformations can be a result of hereditary influences
Most acquired defect during development
renal agenesis
Complete failure of kidney development
Bilateral: incompatible with life (stillborn, die early after birth)
Unilateral: more common, typically compensensatory or hypertrophy
renal hypoplasia
kidneys are small, unilateral
discovered incidentally (hypertension)
Bilateral: progressive renal failure
renal dysplasia
can effect all or part of the kidney
multicystic kidney disorder: risk of hypertension and Wilms tumors
Annual follow ups with blood pressure and sonograms
cystic diseases of the disease of the kidney
can be single or multiple
vary in size
symptomatic or asymptomatic
Acquired or usually heredity
Autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease
most common
inherited kidney disease
multiple expanding cysts
destroy kidney structure and cause renal failure
manifestations: pain, hypertension, hematuria, UTIs
supportive care: control pain, UTIs and BP
Autosomal recessive polycystic kidney disease
Childhood kidney disease, present at birth with rapid progressive into kidney failure
kidney failure
bilateral flank masses
severe renal failure
impaired lung development
Hypertension
75% will die before a month old
nephronophthisis
small kidneys
multiple cysts
usually xysts
usually juvenile progresses to chronic kidney disease
polyuria
polydipsia (excessive thirst)
enuresis (bed wedding)
medullary cystic kidney disease
small kidney
adult onset
chronic kidney disease
polyuria
polydipsia
enuresis
acute nephrotic syndrome
acute inflammatory process can be post infectious or secondary to systemic diseases (lupus)
Sudden onset of hematuria, proteinuria, decreased glomerular filtration rate, oliguria, edema hypertension
acute post infectious glomerulonephritis
occurs after infections with certain strains hemolytic streptococci
7-10 days post infection
common in underprivileged nations
S&S oliguria, hematuria, edema (in the face and hands), hypertension
treatment: antibiotics, supportive care
acute pyelonephritis
etiology: bacterial infection (usually e coli)
uncomplicated: no structural abnormality
complicated: structural abnormalities
acute onset: shaking, chills, fevers, constant ache in the loin and back area
Usually unilateral treatment: 10-14 days
renal failure
kidneys fail to metabolic end products from the blood nd regulate the fluid, electrolyte and pH balance of the extracellular fluid, could be caused by renal disease, systemic disease or urologic defect from a non renal origin
acute kidney injury
abrupt onset, often reversible in caught early abrupt decline (within 8 hours) in kidney function, fluid and electrolyte balance
Mortality rate between 25-80 depending on cause
Increase creatinine and reduction in urine production
Can be caused by decreased blood flow without ischemic injury
ischemic, toxic, obstructive
classified prerenal, intrarenal, post renal (prerenal and intrarenal most common)
diagnosed by: BUN 8-20, creatinine <1.2, urine analysis, renal ultrasound, kidney biopsy
S&S: decreased urine output, fluid retention, edema, pulmonary congestion, hypertension
untreated: neuromuscular irritability, intense drowsiness, coma, death
chronic kidney disease
develops over the course of time, irreparable damage, can lead to the need of dialysis
