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patho > hemodynamics > Flashcards

hemodynamics Flashcards

1
Q

compliance of the heart

A

The “stretch ability” of the heart

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2
Q

elasticity

A

The ability of the myocardial wall to return to its original shape of “snapback”

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3
Q

contractability

A

The force of the contractions generated by the myocardium

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4
Q

preload

A

The maximum degree of stretch of the myocardial fibers, just prior to contraction

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5
Q

What is preload influenced by

A

Fluid volume/body position
ischemia
Hypertrophy
Pericardial restriction

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6
Q

afterload

A

The amount of resistance the heart has to overcome to pump the blood

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7
Q

wall stress

A

The amount of strength and stretch required for the heart to pump

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8
Q

Mean arterial pressure MAP and normal values

A

The optimum pressure for assuring continuous oxygen and nutrient supply to the body
90-95

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9
Q

Low MAP indicates

A

less tissue perfusion

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10
Q

What is arterial BP determined by

A

cardiac output and resistance to blood flow

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11
Q

stroke volume

A

The amount of blood ejected by the ventricles with each contraction

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12
Q

Starlings Law

A

The more the normal myocardial fibers are stretched, the greater the force which they snap back

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13
Q

cardiac output and equation

A

The volume of blood ejected by left ventricle/min
CO = SVR x HR

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14
Q

What 2 things do the sympathetic nervous system release? And what do they do

A

They release epinephrine and norepinephrine
Increases HR
Vasoconstriction
Fight or flight

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15
Q

What does the parasympathetic system do

A

The vagus nerve may decrease HR
Rest and digest

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16
Q

what do baroreceptors do

A

Sense decreased pressure in the aortic arch and respond by increasing force and rate of contraction
Baro=pressure

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17
Q

what do chemoreceptors do

A

Sense changes in O2, CO2, and pH and respond to changing heart and respiratory rates

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18
Q

Total peripheral resistance and three things its determined by

A

The amount of obstruction to blood flow produced by the system
Valvular flexibility of stiffness, vascular resistance, volume of blood

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19
Q

How do baroreceptors respond to increased/decreased stretch of aorta

A

Increased stretch: vasodilation
Decreased stretch: vasoconstriction

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20
Q

Localized myogenic response

A

Local blood vessels dilate or constrict in response to increases or decreases in blood flow

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21
Q

2 catecholamines

A

Epinephrine and norepinephrine

22
Q

What does ADH do for blood volume

A

Increases it (antidiuretic, so you’re releasing less fluid)

23
Q

Primary HTN

A

idiopathic, common

24
Q

Secondary HTN

A

Caused by another disease, can be reversible if disease is controlled

25
Q

Normal BP, pre HTN, Stage 1, Stage 2

A

Normal: <120-80
Pre-HTN: 120-139/80-89
Stage I: 140-159/90-99
Stage II: >160/100

26
Q

Why does alcohol change BP and how does it change it

A

It increases BP
It increases renin which increases RAAS activity

27
Q

Na+, K+, Ca+, Mg+, and glucose in relation to HTN

A

High Na+
Low K+, Ca+, Mg
Glucose intolerance

28
Q

What race and age group is at high risk of HTN

A

African Americans
Males <50, females >50

29
Q

Insulin in relation to HTN

A

Arteries damaged by insulin resistance

30
Q

RAAS in relation to HTN

A

Overactivity lead to HTN

31
Q

Late symptoms of HTN

A

Frontal headache in the morning, dizziness, nose bleeds, confusion

32
Q

Isolated systolic HTN 3 criteria

A

SBP >140
Diastolic BP <90
pt >65

33
Q

What can malignant HTN lead to

A

Papilledema, CVA, encephalopathy, CHF, uremia

34
Q

orthostatic HTN and diagnosis

A

Drop in SBP of 20 mmHg or diastolic 10 mmHg within 3 min from sitting to standing
Tilt table test

35
Q

Varicose veins (what are they, etiology by, S&S, treatment)

A

Dilated or tortuous veins that typically leads to venous insufficiency
Etiology: Long periods of standing, increase intraabdominal pressure (pregnancy)
S&S: Distended veins, aching in lower extremities, edema
Treatment: Support hose, sclerotherapy, surgery

36
Q

Venous insufficiency

A

Chronic venous disease of lower extremity
Caused by incompetent valves
Edema, venous stasis dermatitis

37
Q

Risk factors of venous thrombosis

A

Venous stasis (bedrest)
Hypercoagulable states (BC, leiden control V, cancer, pregnancy, childbirth)
Vessel wall injury (orthopedic surgery, venous catheters, massive trauma or infections

38
Q

What can venous thrombosis lead to

A

SOB, palpitations, anxiety, afib, low O2 sat

39
Q

S&S of venous thrombosis

A

Pain, swelling, fever, general malaise, elevated D-dimer >500

40
Q

Homans sign

A

Dorsiflexion produces pain

41
Q

Treatment for venous thrombosis

A

Anticoagulants (heparin, lovenox)

42
Q

exogenous lipoproteins

A

ingested

43
Q

endogenous lipoprotiens

A

liver

44
Q

LDL normal levels

A

Optimal is less than 100, less than 70 for high risk

45
Q

HDL normal levels

A

40-60

46
Q

Triglycerides normal range and when elevated

A

<150
DM, increased alcohol, sugar

47
Q

Treatment of hyperlipidemia

A

diet, exercise, statins

48
Q

what does atherosclerosis lead to

A

CAD
Stroke
PAD

49
Q

what is fibrous atheroma developed from

A

Fatty streaks, clinical atherosclerosis, accumulation of intra and extracellular lipids, smooth muscle proliferation, scar tissue, and calcification

50
Q

complicated atherosclerosis

A

Fibrous plaque breaks open, producing hemorrhage, ulceration, and scar tissue deposits

patho (13 decks)

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