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patho > electrolytes > Flashcards

electrolytes Flashcards

1
Q

Normal sodium levels

A

135-145

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2
Q

Minimum RDA of sodium

A

500 mg/day

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3
Q

Regulation of sodium

A

kidneys
GI
Skin

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4
Q

Hormonal regulation of sodium

A

Aldosterone increase retains sodium, and therefore water

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5
Q

Target organ of sodium

A

Brain

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6
Q

hyponatremia in high vs low blood volume

A

High blood volume dilutional hyponatremia
Low blood volume hypovolemic hyponatremia

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7
Q

Who should have a low salt diet, how much?

A

Hypertension and heart failure should have less than 1500 mg

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8
Q

Causes of hyponatremia

A

Not enough intake
Vomiting/ diarrhea
Excess sweating
Burns/ wounds
Increased ADH
Stress, pain trauma
SIADH
meds

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9
Q

symptoms of hyponatremia

A

Headache
Lethargy
Apathy
Confusion
Nausea/diarrhea
Fluid overload
Vomiting
Abdominal cramping
Muscle cramps and spasms

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10
Q

What serum sodium level has a mortality rate of over 50%

A

105

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11
Q

Causes of hypernatremia

A

Excessive intake
Decreased extracellular losses (increased water loss and hormones)
Decreased water intake
Hemoconcentration

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12
Q

Signs of hypernatremia

A

Dry mucous membranes
Restlessness
Decreases reflexes
Convulsions
Hyperactivity
Tachycardia
Hypertension

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13
Q

Hypernatremia with water retention

A

Edema
Weight Gain
Hypertension
Mental changes
Pulmonary edema

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14
Q

Most important electrolyte

A

Potassium

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15
Q

Normal potassium

A

3.5-5

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16
Q

How much potassium do adults need per day

A

50-100

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17
Q

Regulation of potassium (organ)

A

Kidneys

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18
Q

Foods rich in potassium

A

Bananas, orange juice, lentils, raisins

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19
Q

Target organ of potassium

A

Heart
Smooth electrical conduction to muscles

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20
Q

Symptoms of hypokalemia

A

cardiac arrythmias
tachycardia

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21
Q

Treatment of hypokalemia

A

Do not give rapid dose, it leads to cardiac arrest and excruciating pain in the skin and blood vessels
Must be diluted and only piggy back or PO

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22
Q

Causes of hyperkalemia

A

Excessive intake
massive crushing injuries
Inadequate renal losses
renal failure
addisons disease
potassium sparing diuretics

23
Q

Signs of hyperkalemia

A

Dysrhythmias
Bradycardias

24
Q

How does hyperkalemia affect ECGs

A

Wide QRS complex (above or equal to 0.12s)
Peaked and Pointy T

25
Q

Treatment of severe hyperkalemia

A

Over 7
rapid treatment is needed to move potassium from ECF to ICF

26
Q

Treatment of hyperkalemia

A

IV 50% dextrose with 10u of insulin
75meq of sodium bicarb
Lasix
Kalcinate
Kayexalate (excretion in feces)
If patient is in renal failure–> dialysis

27
Q

Normal calcium (total and ionized)

A

total 8.5-10.5
ionized 4.5-5.6

28
Q

Sources of calcium

A

Dairy products
Leafy greens

29
Q

Hormonal regulation of calcium

A

Parathyroid hormone raises Ca by pulling it from bone
Calcitonin (produced by thyroid) powers serum Ca by storing it in the bones

30
Q

Main function of calcium

A

bone development
Blood clotting
Smooth muscle contraction

31
Q

Target organ of calcium

A

Skeletal muscles

32
Q

Vit D and calcium

A

Vit D facilitates the absorption of Ca from GI tract into bloodstream

33
Q

Plasma calcium and PTH

A

When calcium is low, PTH is stimulated. Vice versa

34
Q

Calcium and phosphate

A

opposite relationship

35
Q

What does calcitonin

A

Produced by the thyroid. Acts at bone and kidneys to remove Ca from circulation

36
Q

Causes of hypocalcemia

A

inadequate vit D (impaired absorption, renal failure, liver disease)
Impaired ability to mobilize calcium from bind
Hypoparathyroidism
Abnormal calcium binding
Decreased serum albumin, pH, and acute pancreatitis

37
Q

Symptoms of hypocalcemia

A

muscle spasms in face (trousseau)
Carpal spasm (chvosteks)
Laryngeal spasm
Tetany
Seizures

38
Q

Key signs of hypocalcemia

A

Neuromuscular irritability

39
Q

causes of hypercalcemia

A

Hyperparathyroidism
Cancer
Increased intestinal absorption
Excessive vit D and calcium
Milk-Alkali syndrome (burnetts) caused from increased calcium and antacids (calcium carb- tums)
Increased bone reabsorption (osteoclasts break down tissue and release Ca to blood)
Hyperthyroidism

40
Q

Symptoms of hypercalcemia

A

Muscle flaccidity
Bone
Tenderness/ pain
Pathological fractures
High calcium in urine which increases susceptibility to renal calculi (stones)
Constipation
Hypertension

41
Q

Normal phosphate levels

A

2.5-4.5

42
Q

Symptoms of hypophosphatemia

A

Poor motor and nerve function

43
Q

Symptoms of hypophosphatemia

A

Poor motor and nerve function
weakness
Slow GI tract
Low blood counts (low hemoglobin and hematocrit)

44
Q

Causes of hypophosphatemia

A

most common is kidney failure
Excess intake (laxative)
chemo

45
Q

Signs and symptoms of hyperphosphatemia

A

muscle cramps
twitching
tetany

46
Q

Normal magnesium levels

A

2.2-3

47
Q

Sources of magnesium

A

Nuts

48
Q

Regulation of magnesium

A

Kidneys

49
Q

Hormonal regulation of magnesium

A

Aldosterone increases and lowers it

50
Q

target organ for magnesium

A

heart

51
Q

Causes of hypomagnesmia

A

Prolonged diarrhea/ laxative abuse
Increased renal exertion of magnesium
Serious wounds requiring debridement (removal of damaged tissue)
Alcoholism
Malabsorption

52
Q

Signs and symptoms of hypomagnesemia cardiac

A

Dysrhythmias
tachycardia

53
Q

causes of hypermagnesemia

A

Low aldosterone
adrenal insufficency
most commonly causes by renal failute
excessive intake of antacids

54
Q

signs of hypermagnesemia

A

Dysrhythmia
bradycardia

patho (13 decks)

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