cancer Flashcards
anaplasia
loss of function in cells
malignant tumors
apoptosis
cell programmed cell death
cancer
disorder of altered cell differentiation and growth
neoplasm
new growth arising from neoplasia
may be benign or malignant
proliferation
process of cell division
adaptive for replacement and need
differentiation
process of specialization
benign neoplasm (differentiation, counterpart, resemblance, ability to control proliferation)
well differentiated, resembles counterpart, lost control proliferation
malignant neoplasms (differentiation, counterpart resemblance, ability to control proliferation)
less differentiated, lost ability to control cell proliferation and differentiation
parenchymal cells
stem cells
determine behavior and type of cell
connective tissue forms
framework
extracellular matrix, blood vessels, bones
Benign tumors (differentiation, encapsulation, cellular recognition, cellular adhesion, how it looks, intracellular communication, growth speed, does it spread, does it destroy surrounding tissue, does it reoccur, rate of mitosis, how does it die)
Well differentiated, encapsulated, cellular recognition, normal cell adhesion, often solid, smooth, normal blood supply, may bleed if irritated, good communication, faster than normal but slower than malignant), doesn’t spread, doesn’t destroy surrounding tissue but can cause pressure or blockage as it gets bigger, doesn’t reoccur if removed, controlled rate of mitosis, apoptosis)
malignant tumor ((differentiation, encapsulation, cellular recognition, cellular adhesion, how it looks, intracellular communication, growth speed, does it spread, does it destroy surrounding tissue, does it reoccur, rate of mitosis)
Anaplasia, rarely encapsulated, poor cellular recognition, inadequate cellular adhesion causing tissue friability (bleeds more easily), develop projections and pseudopodia (arm on the main tumor), poor intracellular communication, rapid, uncontrolled growth, autonomy: autocrine stimulation allows metastasis, tissue plasmin activator causes destruction of normal tissue to allow for malignant cells, often recurs, or new cancers develop
adenoma
benign epithelial neoplasm of glandular tissue
fibroma
benign tumor of fibrous tissue
adenocarcinoma
malignant tumor of glandular tissue
squamous cell carcinoma
malignant tumor of squamous tissue
sarcoma
stem cell malignant cancer
polyps benign or malignant
Benign
precursor to adenomatous polyp
adenocarcinoma of the colon
metaplasia
when theres a different type of cell in the wrong place in response to injury
normal cell to normal cell
indication of cancer, but not substantial
dysplasia
abnormal changes in size, shape, organization of cells
abnormal cell to normal cell
higher indication of cancer, but not definite
neoplasia
new growth, usually a tumor
which suffix is malignant cancer
carcinoma
which ending is not cancer
oma (except sarcoma)
spread of cancer
direct invasion
seeding
metastatic spread through lymph or vascularization
qualifications to metastify through lymphatic or vascular
break from tumor
invade surrounding extracellular matrix
gain access to blood vessel
survive transport through blood vessel
invade surrounding tissue
hormone therapy and cancer relation
Giving estrogen or testosterone or puberty blockers (gonadotropin)
increased risk at high exposure
monoclonal origin
spontaneous mutations during mitosis
oncogenes
mutations in gametes that pass through generation
oncogenic pathogens
virus, leukemia, lymphoma, HPV, Kaposi sarcoma, herpes virus
chronic inflammation
promotes increase in growth factors
stimulates cell changes
asbestos alcohol, ulcerative colitis
BRCA-1 and BRCA -2
autosomal dominant
gene for breast cancer, increases risk for ovaria, pancreatic, colon, and other cancers
obesity relation to cancer
multifactorial
insulin resistance and increase in pancreatic insulin increases risk
CAUTION cancer signs
Change in bowel habits
A lesion that doesn’t heal
Unusual blood or discharge
Thickening or lump anywhere
Indigestion or difficulty swallowing
Obvious change in a mole or wart
Nagging cough or hoarseness
Abdominal cancer
bowel obstruction, ulcers, necrosis, hemorrhage, frank bleeding
Pleura effusion
impaired lymph flow
buildup of fluid between the layers of tissue that line the lungs and chest cavity.
abdominal bloating
increased girth
feeling of heaviness
ascites- common in ovarian cancer 65% of women
anemia happening because cancer
due to bleeding and or reduced RBC production in bone marrow
vascular thrombosis
abnormal amount of coagulation factors and obstruction in the veins
cachexia
tissue wasting
hypermetabolism and inflammatory factors
hypercalcemia and bone pain
bone damage
hormone dysregulation (pathologic fracture)
screening in colon and skin cancer in men and women
occult stool sample yearly after 40
colonoscopy at 50 and every 5-10 years
self skin eval monthly and yearly by HCP
screening in colon and skin cancer in men and women
occult stool sample yearly after 40
colonoscopy at 50 and every 5-10 years
self skin eval monthly and yearly by HCP
screening in breast, ovarian cancer
anual pap at 18 or after having sex, after 2 neg tests go every year until after menopause
monthly self breast exam and yearly mammo
baseline mammo at 35, yearly after 40
screening for prostate and testicular cancer
self testicular exam at the beginning of puberty, HCP yearly
Digital prostate exam yearly after 40
Blood test yearly after 50, 40 African American men
seeding vs distant metastisis
seeding goes into surrounding tissue or cavity
distant are transported through organs through veins
whats needed for a cancer diagnosis
biopsy of the area because just because its in the lung doesnt mean its lung cancer
immunochemistry
detects specific antigens or things with significance in the tissue to find origin of metastatic tumors
microarray technology
analyzes large number of molecule changes
gene chips
miniture ingredient test to detect and quantify expression of genes
tumor types
prognosis
if treatment is working
TNM system T
T0 no tumor
T1 less than 2 cm
T2 tumor between 2-5
T3 larger than 5cm, invasion
TNM system N
N0 no nodes involved
N1 mobile nodes are involved
N2 fixed nodes are involved
TNM system M
M0 no metastasis
M1 demonstrable metastasis
M2 suspected metastasis
what can happen if multiple lymph nodes are involved in the cancer
lymph edema
