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History > Keywords: Germany > Flashcards

Keywords: Germany Flashcards

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1
Q

Mittelstand

A

Lower-middle class

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2
Q

Social mobility

A

The ability of individuals to move upwards or downwards in status/class

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3
Q

Real wages

A

Income received after any price changes are taken into account; indicates a person’s standard of living

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4
Q

Franchise

A

The right to vote in public elections

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5
Q

Avant-garde

A

Those who create or support the newest ideas and techniques, especially in art, music, literature, drama, and architecture

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6
Q

Pulp fiction

A

Popular fiction often not well written

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7
Q

War credits

A

Financial bills passed by the Reichstag. The German government funded the war with these

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8
Q

Burgfriede

A

A state of truce

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9
Q

Siegfriede

A

“The blessed peace of victory”

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10
Q

Revolutionary Shop Stewards

A

Working class activists who tried to organise mass action in the factories to end the war

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11
Q

Fourteen Points

A

These were US President Woodrow Wilson’s main war aims; Wilson hoped to prevent future wars by establishing a League of Nations

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12
Q

Treasury Bill

A

Provincial banks purchased short term treasury bills from the Reich central bank, which could be redeemed at higher value; lent to the government to support the war effort

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13
Q

Black market

A

Illegal trade in rationed or scarce commodities

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14
Q

Soviets

A

Councils of workers, peasants and soldiers, similar to councils, made in Russia in 1917 when it became Communist

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15
Q

Mutiny

A

Refusal by armed forces to obey orders

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16
Q

Junkers

A

Land owning nobility in Prussia. Most were deeply Conservative

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17
Q

Bundestag

A

Old name for the Bundesrat between 1815 and 1866

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18
Q

Realpolitik

A

Ruthless and cynical policies of politicians who are willing to use whatever means are available to achieve their aims

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19
Q

Reichsbank

A

A national German bank established in 1876

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20
Q

Septennates

A

The arrangement where by military spending was agreed in the Reichstag for seven years

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21
Q

Indirect Taxation

A

Taxation placed on the sale of goods rather than collected directly from the taxpayer

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22
Q

Kulturkampf

A

Struggle for culture. Stood for an attack on Catholics in Germany (1871-1878) and its political influence through the Zentrum party

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23
Q

Jesuits

A

Members of the society of Jesus, a Catholic religious order pledged to the spread of Catholicism and strong supporters of papal authority

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24
Q

Diocese

A

A unit of church administration that was part of an ecclesiastical area headed by a bishop or archbishop

25
Q

Reichsfeinde

A

Bismarck labelled groups that he saw as a threat to the German Empire or ‘Enemies of the Reich’

26
Q

Tariffs

A

Protect a nation’s own industries and/or farming from cheap foreign competition

27
Q

Free Trade

A

Allows people to purchase goods cheaply but it can endanger a country’s industrial and agricultural production

28
Q

Zollvereinwith of

A

A free trade union established by Prussia in 1834. By 1844 it included most German states except Austria. All member states had a common system of tariffs and abolished all internal customs barriers. 1834: covered 18 states with 23mil people

29
Q

Press Law

A

Late 1870s. Allowed prosecution of editors who published materials he didn’t approve of. This undermined the Liberal principle of freedom of press and showed that Bismarck wasn’t working with National Liberals anymore

30
Q

Tariff Act

A

July 1879. Imposed duties on imports and introduced protective import duties in Germany. Led to the splintering of the National Liberals. Tariffs protected German jobs, brought the north and south together, and accelerated the growth of a large internal market

31
Q

Trade Unions

A

An organised association of workers that protects and furthers their rights and interests

32
Q

Nationalisation

A

Government ownership

33
Q

State Socialism

A

Providing for worker’s welfare through state-run insurance schemes

34
Q

Divine Right of Kings

A

The belief that a monarch rules by the authority of God rather than by the consent of the people

35
Q

Marxist Programme

A

A plan that supported the ideas of Karl Marx. Leaders of the proletariat must work to overthrow the capitalist system by violent revolution

36
Q

Minimum Programme

A

Plans of moderate socialists who were opposed to violent revolution. They wanted to bring about government ownership of banks, coal mines, and industry, and called for social equality

37
Q

Lobby Groups

A

These were people often belonging to organisations who campaigned to persuade politicians to pass legislation favouring particular interests

38
Q

The Elites

A

The officer class, Junker landowners, industrial and business leaders, senior civil servants and judges

39
Q

Weltpolitik

A

“World policy”. Described Wilhelm’s world power ambitions

40
Q

Absolute Monarch

A

A king or emperor who has virtually absolute or total power and his will and decisions alone make the law

41
Q

Intentionalist Argument

A

The Kaiser had complete power over Germany and wasn’t influenced by other groups

42
Q

Structuralist Argument

A

The Kaiser was not completely powerful; groups such as the army and the elites influenced and controlled his decisions and rule

43
Q

Sammlungspolitik

A

‘Bringing together politics’, which aimed to unite political parties and other political groups in support of the state

44
Q

‘Reactionaries’

A

Conservatives

45
Q

‘Progressives’

A

Liberals

46
Q

Hottentot

A

One of the native rebel tribes in South West Africa

47
Q

National Debt

A

Money that has been borrowed by a government and will therefore eventually need to be paid back, with interest

48
Q

Inheritance Tax

A

A tax on the value of land and possessions received after a person’s death

49
Q

Parliamentary Democracy

A

A form of government where voters elect the parliament, which then forms the government. The party with most votes picks the leader of the government who becomes beholden both to the people and parliament

50
Q

Gross National (Domestic) Product

A

The total value of all goods and services produced within a country

51
Q

Cartels

A

An association of manufacturers who come to a contractual agreement

52
Q

Monopoly

A

A situation when a particular firm has total control over something, e.g. a firm has total control over the production of a particular product

53
Q

Plebiscite

A

A vote on a single issue on which the whole electorate is asked a yes/no Q; an old fashioned term for a referendum

54
Q

Diktat

A

A dedicated settlement allowing for no negotiations

55
Q

Self-determination

A

The right of people to decide their own form of government

56
Q

Volkisch Groups

A

Roots in the Kaiserreich. Members were nationalist, racist, and anti-Semitic. Demanded strong, authoritarian government

57
Q

Reichswehr

A

The name for the German army after 1919

58
Q

The 25 Point Programme

A

The NSDAP party programme announced by Hitler on 24 Feb 1920 to an audience of 20,000 in the function room of the Hofbrauhaus. Munich’s most famous and prestigious beer hall

History (22 decks)

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