2.7 Social and Cultural Change

Question 1

Mass Media - TV

Answer 1

. More people had TVs after Queen’s coronation
. 1961: 75% had a TV, by 1971: 91%
. ITV: 1955, advertising straight to living room
. BBC2: April 1964, so BBC1 could be more populist
. BBC2: 1st channel to broadcast regular colour TV shows

Question 2

Hugh Greene

Answer 2

. Director General of the BBC in 1960
. He had money diverted from radio to TV: guidelines on nudity and swearing were revised; a new style of news presentation; and more popular programmes were commissioned

Question 3

Mass Media - Radio

Answer 3

. Radio survived due to car and portable radios
. Programmes could be targeted at certain audiences
. Start of 1960s: 3 BBC radio programmes
. Nightly broadcasts of pop from Radio Luxembourg + 1964 ‘pirate stations’, after ban, Radio 1 started
. Radio 1 made use of pirate DJs eg Tony Blackburn

Question 4

Mass Media - Newspapers

Answer 4

. The Sun launched 1964, replacing the Daily Herald
. The Sun set out to be the “only newspaper born of the age we live in.”
. 1969: the Sun was bought by the Australian newspaper tycoon Rupert Murdoch: he associated it with permissive attitudes and its popularity grew

Question 5

Leisure Activities - Home

Answer 5

. More leisure time by 60s: fewer worked weekends
. Home remained centre of leisure: extended by TV
. By 1969, TV accounted for 23% of leisure time
. DIY and gardening more popular
. Knitting thrived, could watch TV at same time

Question 6

Leisure Activities - Events

Answer 6

. Live theatre shrank rapidly, especially outside major cities
. Attendance at football matches and other ‘live’ events also suffered

Question 7

Leisure Activities - Transportation

Answer 7

. Car ownership accelerated rapidly in the 1960s
. Bus, coach, + train travel declined as car use grew to be 77% of journeys by 1974
. Tech improvements made cars more affordable
. Cars allowed travel to shopping centres, leisure facilities, and activities from caravaning to golf and sailing built up a devoted following

Question 8

Leisure Activities - Holiday

Answer 8

. 1960s: leisure travel turned into mass tourism
. Britannia Airways, 1964: flights to Spain, Malta
. Costs of air travel meant mainly middle class went
. Package holidays still new by end of 60s: grown from under 4% of all holidays in ‘66 to 8.4% in ‘71
. Travel abroad injected continental flavour in British tastes: restaurants and wine bars appeared

Question 9

Scientific Developments

Answer 9

. 1960s time of great development in science and tech
. ‘61: 1st person went to space, ‘69: US land on moon
. Labour govt made scientific developments key aim
. Anglo-French partnership continued to develop the supersonic Concorde aircraft
. The Post Office Tower, then the tallest building in Britain, opened ‘65, improving telecommunications

Question 10

Censorship

Answer 10

. Playwrights experimented with new styles
. New plays needed a license from Lord Chamberlain’s Office, could demand removal of immoral content
. The Royal Court Theatre London, centre of innovation

Question 11

Early Morning

Answer 11

. Controversial play by Edward Bond
. Banned in 1967, after which the backbencher George Strauss intro’d a bill to abolish theatre censorship
. The Bill passed, 1968: Roy Jenkins + Laurence Olivier

Question 12

Alfie (1966)

Answer 12

. British romantic comedy drama film dir Lewis Gilbert
. About a young womanising man who leads a self- centered life. He cheats on and mistreats women repeatedly, speaking directly to cam to justify his action
. First film to receive “suggested for mature audiences” classification by the Motion Picture Association of America in the US which became the modern PG rating

Question 13

The Feminine Mystique

Answer 13

. Published in 1963, written by Betty Friedan
. Started Second Wave feminism in the US
. Argued that women had restrictive lives that left them unfulfilled

Question 14

Female Education - 1960s

Answer 14

. Growth in women’s ed (especially in middle class)
. Women made up 28% of students in higher ed in 1970
. Girls ed still had a domestic slant: girls often left school young and got married

Question 15

Women in Work - 1960s

Answer 15

. Few women made it to top professions
. Only 5% of women ever reached managerial work
. No shortage of jobs for women bc they could be paid less, but many were clerical/service sector roles with no prospects and poor pay

Question 16

NHS Family Planning Act

Answer 16

. 1967

. Provided contraceptives and advice

Question 17

Female Equality - 1960s

Answer 17

. Childminders rare in the 60s
. Private nurseries only available for wealthy
. Number of marriages ending in divorce rose
. The no. of illegitimate births rose from 5.8% in 1960 to 8.2% in 1970
. Feminist movement encouraged by articles and books

Question 18

Books by Women

Answer 18

. Women: the Longest Revolution (1966) by Juliet Mitchell

. The Female Eunuch (1970) by Germaine Greer

Question 19

‘Women’s Liberation’ groups

Answer 19

. Sprung up around the UK to campaign for social and economic equality for women
. A rally in Britain in 1969 led to the establishment of the Women’s National Co-ordination Committee, bringing strands of feminist movement together

Question 20

The First National Women’s Liberation Conference

Answer 20

. Held at Ruskin College, Oxford, in Feb 1970
. Four demands were put forward:
- Equal pay
- Free contraception and abortion on request
- Equal education and job opportunities
- Free 24 hour childcare

Question 21

Matrimonial Property Act

Answer 21

. 1970
. Established that the work of a wife, whether in paid employment or in the home, should be taken into account in divorce settlements

Question 22

Equal Pay Act

Answer 22

. 1970

. Established the principle of equal pay for equal work, though it wasn’t reinforced until 5 years later

Question 23

‘Permissive Society’

Answer 23

. A time of sexual liberation with changes in morals and new openness
. Critics used the term in a negative way, believing it reflected society’s moral decline

Question 24

Catholic Views on the ‘Permissive Society’

Answer 24

. Catholic Church was hostile to contraceptive pill, arguing that it was contrary to God’s law and sinful
. Some prominent Catholics disagreed: Catholic MP Norman St John - Stevas wrote a critical essay entitled ‘The Pope, the Pill and the People’ in 1968

Question 25

Permissive Ideas

Answer 25

. Spread by media: from ‘teen’ magazines to uncensored novels
. Taboo subjects were now discussed in books, on radio, and TV
. By the end of the decade, STIs were on the rise, particularly in youths

Question 26

Drug Culture

Answer 26

. Cocaine and heroin addiction was 10 times more prevalent in the first half of the 60s
. Soft drugs were more common place by end of 60s
. ‘Hippy lifestyle’ emphasising ‘free love’ and ‘flower power’ promoted drug culture
. 1970: max sentence for supplying drugs increased to 14 years imprisonment

Question 27

Dangerous Drugs Act

Answer 27

. 1967

. Made it illegal to possess drugs e.g. cannabis and cocaine

Question 28

Wootton Report

Answer 28

. Published 1969
. Suggested legalising soft drugs e.g. cannabis
. Rejected by Callaghan, who wanted to call a halt to the rising tide of permissiveness

Question 29

Extent of Liberal Permissiveness

Answer 29

. Its influence on behaviour can be exaggerated
. Surveys by Michael Schofield on the sexual behaviour of young people (1965) and Geoffrey Gorer on ‘Sex and Marriage in England Today’ (published 1971), found most young people were either virgins on marriage or married their first and only sexual partner
. Liberal leg. opened the way to change but was only an inroad into the old religious and moral constraints

Question 30

Mary Whitehouse

Answer 30

. Moral campaigner, social conservative, housewife
. 1963: she began her own ‘moral crusade’ against ‘a tide of immorality and indecency in UK at the time
. She directed this at the Director-General of the BBC Hugh Greene, who she called “the devil incarnate”
. Gained a lot of support when she launched her ‘Clean Up TV’ campaign in 1964

Question 31

National Viewers and Listeners Association

Answer 31

. Founded in 1965
. Founded by Mary Whitehouse
. Soon had 100,000 members
. Despite lobbying, Whitehouse failed to have any impact on the programmes shown

Question 32

Youth Culture

Answer 32

. Inclined to question norms, assert right to choose
. Clashed with parents over fashion, music and morals
. Caused concern with older generations
. Alcohol, tobacco + caffeine used more than illegal drugs
. Traditional rules were abandoned

Question 33

Youth - Music

Answer 33

. Survey in 1969: youths spent more time listening to music in their rooms than at youth clubs or festivals
. Popular music accessed from pirate radio stations, or, from 1967, Radio One
. New tech enabling cheap plastic record players made music accessible

Question 34

Youth - Fashion

Answer 34

. 60s: London was capital of fashion world for a bit
. Acceptable to wear same outfit for work + evening
. Women wore trousers, men started to wear velvets, satins, brightly coloured fabrics
. Decade progressed, trends became more extreme
. Changing fashions helped override/mask some old social divisions between gender and class

Question 35

Youth - TV

Answer 35

. TV responded to demand with programmes like: Ready, Steady, Go! (ITV, 1963) and Top of the Pops (BBC one, 1964)
. This helped spread latest trends in music, dance, jargon, attitude, and dress

Question 36

Youth Subcultures

Answer 36

. End of 1960s: Skinheads evolved from mods
. They had shaven heads, braces, Dr Martin boots
. Hippies rejected social convention and Establishment attitudes
. They embraced ‘flower power’ from America and favoured lifestyles emphasising environmentalism, free love and peace

Question 37

What happened in Summer 1965?

Answer 37

. Teach-ins on Vietnam at Oxford University and the London School of Economics

Question 38

The Vietnam Solidarity Campaign

Answer 38

. Set up in 1966

. Gained uni student support

Question 39

What happened on 17th March 1968?

Answer 39

. Violence at an anti-Vietnam War demonstration in London

Question 40

What happened on 28th March 1968?

Answer 40

. More violent protest known as the Battle of Grosvenor Square
. 200 people arrested

Question 41

When was the final demonstration?

Answer 41

. October 1968
. 30,000 people
. Relatively peaceful

Question 42

Other Anti-war Protests

Answer 42

. Throughout 1968

. Occurred at a variety of universities, combined with demands for more student power

Question 43

Other Anti-war Actions

Answer 43

. Sussex: a speaker on the Vietnam War, from the American Embassy, was covered in red paint
. Essex: two Tory MPs were attacked
. The Labour Secretary of State for Education and Science was shouted down in Manchester
. Denis Healey, the Labour Defense Secretary, almost had his car overturned by Cambridge students

Question 44

Quotes from the Rivers of Blood Speech

Answer 44

. “in 15 or 20 years time the black man will have the whip hand over the white man”
. “We must be mad, literally mad, as a nation to be permitting the annual inflow of… 50,000 dependents”
. [Brits] “found themselves made strangers in their own country”, “persecuted minority”

Question 45

Race and Immigration - 1962

Answer 45

. Pakistanis from the Kashmir region sent men to work in the textile factories around Bradford

Question 46

Kenyan Independence - 1963

Answer 46

. 40,000 whites there + the 185,000 Asians were guaranteed absolute right of entry into the UK
. Jomo Kenyatta started a Nazi style campaign of persecution against Asians, many were v rich
. Around 2000 per month in 1967 came to the UK

Question 47

The 1968 Act

Answer 47

. A result of the massive influx of Asian immmigrants after Kenyan independence
. Left 20,000 people stateless
. “the ultimate appeasement of racist hysteria” - Marr
. 72% of British population supported the Act

Question 48

Commonwealth Immigration Act

Answer 48

. 1962
. Passed 4 years after major opposition to unlimited immigration
. Intro’d a quota system and work permits.
. 40,000 per year allowed entry with complete right of entry for immigrants

Question 49

Further Govt Action to Immigration

Answer 49

. 1965: controls to immigration intro’d, limited right of entry allowed govt to deport illegal immigrants
. 1965: Race Relations Act

Question 50

Commonwealth Immigration Act (the second one)

Answer 50

. 1968
. Limited right to return to Britain of non-white Commonwealth citizens (limited entry of British citizens who didn’t have a parent/grandparent born in the UK)

Question 51

The Rivers of Blood Speech

Answer 51

. 20th April 1968 by Enoch Powell
. Timed to hit the early news bulletin
. Heath sacked him and never spoke to him again
. 1000 London dockers marched in support of him 3 days later, Smithfield meat porters + Heathrow workers also demonstrated in support
. Received death threats and needed police protection