Key Words Flashcards
Adrenaline
Stress hormone that is released by the sympathetic nerves and cardiac nerve
during exercise. It stimulates the SAN (pacemaker) which results in an increase in HR.
Angina
Chest pain that occurs when the blood supply through the coronary arteries to the muscles of the heart is restricted
Arterio venous difference
The difference between the oxygen content of the arteriole blood arriving at the muscles and the venous blood leaving the muscles
Atheroma
A fatty deposit found in the inner lining of an artery
Atherosclerosis
Occurs when arteries harden or narrow due to the build up of fatty deposits
Atrioventricular node (AVN)
Relays impulses to the upper and lower sections of the heart
Baroreceptors
Sensors in tissues that respond to the stretching of the arterial walls caused by changes in blood pressure
Blood pressure
The force exerted against the walls of a blood vessel by the blood
Bohr Shift
When an increase in CO2 and a decrease in pH reduces the affinity for oxygen of haemoglobin
Bradycardia
A decrease in resting heart rate to below 60bpm
Cardiac Hypertrophy
The thickening of the muscular wall of the heart do that it becomes bigger and stronger
Cardiac output
The volume of blood pumped out by the heart ventricles per minute
Cardiovascular drift
A progressive decrease in stroke volume and blood pressure, together with a progressive rise in heart rate during prolonged exercise in a warm environment
Chemoreceptors
Found in the carotid arteries, sense chemical changes such as an increase in CO2 in the blood which will result in the sympathetic nervous system being stimulated
Diastole
When the heart relaxes the fill with blood
Diastolic pressure
The pressure in the arteries when the ventricles are relaxing
Ejection fraction
The percentage of blood pumped out by the left ventricle per best
Haemoglobin
Iron containing pigment found in red blood cells which combines with oxygen to form oxyhaemoglobin
Heart disease
Referee to as coronary heart disease - the leading cause of death in the world which occurs when the coronary arteries become blocked/narrowed bay a collection of fatty deposits
Heart rate
The number of times the heart contracts per minute
High blood pressure
Caused by extra force exerted against the blood vessel walls. If untreated can lead to heart attacks, heart failure, kidney disease, stroke or dementia
Medulla oblingata
Part of the brain that regulates HR and breathing
Mitochondria
Location of where aerobic respiration takes place in the muscles
Myogenic
The capacity of the heart to generate its own impulses
Myoglobin
Iron containing pigment in slow-twitch muscle fibres which has a slightly higher affinity for oxygen than haemoglobin. It stored oxygen in muscle fibres so it can be used quickly during exercise
Parasympathetic nervous system
Nervous system that makes the heart beat slower
PH
a measure of acidity
Plasma
The fluid part of the blood that surrounds blood cells, transporting them
Proprioceptors
Sensory nerve endings in the muscles, tendons and joints that detect muscle movement, increase in movement caused and increase in HR
Pulmonary system
The system in which deoxygenated blood from the heart travels to the lungs and oxygenated blood travels back to the heart
Purkinje fibres
Muscle fibres that conduct impulses in the walls of the ventricles
Sino-atrial node (SAN)
A small mass of cardiac muscle found in the wall of the right atrium that generates the heartbeat
Starling’s law
Increased venous return causes greater diastolic filling which causes the heart muscle to stretch further leading to a more forceful contraction and increased ejection fraction
Steady state
Where the athlete is able to meet the demands with the oxygen supply
Stroke
Occurs when the blood supply to the brain is cut off
Stroke volume
The volume of blood pumped out by the heart by the ventricles in each contraction
Sympathetic nervous system
Nervous system that makes the heart beat faster
Systemic system
Oxygenated blood from the heart to the body and deoxygenated blood back from the body to the heart
Systole
When the heart contracts
Systolic pressure
The pressure in the arteries when the ventricles are contracting
Vascular shunt
Redistribution of cardiac output
Vasoconstriction
When blood vessels narrow to decrease blood flow towards the outside of the body
Vasodilation
When blood vessels widen to increase blood flow to the outside of the body
Venous return
The return of blood to the right side of the heart via the vena cava
Cilia
Microscopic hair like projections that help sweep away fluids and particles
Concentration gradient
Explains how diffusion occurs from an area of high to low concentration. The steeper the gradient the faster diffusion occurs
COPD
Chronic and debilitating disease and is the name for a collection of diseases such as emphysema
Diffusion
The movement of gas molecules from and area of high concentration to low concentration
Expiration
Breathing out
Exploratory reserve volume
The volume of air that can be forcibly expired after a normal breath. Slight decrease during exercise
External respiration
Gaseous exchange between the lungs and blood
Gaseous exchange
The movement of oxygen from the air into the blood, and carbon dioxide from the blood to the air
Inspiration
Breathing in
Inspiratory reserve volume
Volume of air that can be forcibly inspired after a normal breath. Decreases during exercise
Internal respiration
Gaseous exchange between the blood in the capillaries and the body cells
Minute ventilation
Volume of aim breathed in or out per minute, big increase during exercise
Partial pressure
The pressure exerted by an individual dad when it exists within a mixture of gases
Residual volume
Volume of air that remains in the lungs after maximum expiration. The same during exercise
Spirometer
Device used to measure volume of air inspired or expired by the lungs
Tidal volume
Volume of air breathed in our out per normal breath. Increased during exercise
Aerobic
Exercise that is low to medium intensity and oxygen demand if the muscles is met
All or none law
Sequence of impulses has to be if sufficient intensity to stimulate all of the muscle fibres in a motor unit in order for them to contract. If it is not then none will contract
Anaerobic
Exercise at a high intensity where the demand for oxygen of the muscles is so high it cannot be met
Autogenic inhibition
Where there is a sudden relaxation of the muscle in response to high tension. Golgi tendons are the receptors involved
Golgi tendon organs
Activated when there is tension in a muscle
Hypertrophy
Where the muscles become bigger and stronger
Isometric contraction
Where there is tension in a muscle but it doesn’t change length/no visible movement
Motor neurones
Transmits the brains instructions as electrical impulses to the muscles
Motor unit
A motor unit and it’s muscle fibres
Muscle spindles
Detects how far and how fast a muscle is being stretched and produces the stretch reflex
Neuromuscular junction
Where the motor neurone and the muscle fibre meet
Spatial summation
When the strength of a contraction changed by altering the number and size of the muscles motor units
Tetanic summation
A sustained muscle contraction caused by a series of fast repeating stimuli
Type 1 muscles fibres
Slow contraction speeds, adapted to low intensity exercise
Type 2a muscle fibres
Fast oxidative glycolytic - more resistant to fatigue than type one fibres, suited to longer high intensity exercise
Type 2x muscle fibres
Fast glycolytic - these fibres fatigue much faster than type 2a and are used for highly explosive events where a quick, short burst of energy is needed
Wave summation
Where there is a repeated nerve impulse with no time to relax so a smooth, sustained contraction occurs rather than twitches
Bundle of his
A collection of heart muscle cells that transmit electrical impulses from the AVN via bundle branches to the ventricles
Agonist
The muscle that is contracting, responsible for the movement that is occurring
Antagonist
The muscle that is relaxing, works in opposition to the agonist
Articulating bones
Refers to the bones that meet and move at a joint
Concentric contraction
When a muscle shortens under tension
Dorsi flexion
Pointing toes upwards
Eccentric contraction
When the muscle lengthens under tension
Extension
Increasing the angle at a joint
Flexion
Decreasing the angle at a joint
Frontal plane
Vertical plane which divides the body into front and back halves
Horizontal abduction
Movement of a limb forwards while it us held parallel to the ground
Horizontal adduction
Movement of a limb backwards while it is held parallel to the ground
Hyperextension
Increasing the angle at a joint to over 180 degrees
Longitudinal axis
A line running from top to bottom
Plantar flexion
Pointing the toes towards the ground
Saggital axis
A line which runs from front to back
Saggital plane
Vertical plane which divides the body into right and left halves
Transverse plane
Divides the body into upper and lover halves
Aerobic system
When exercise intensity he lie and oxygen supply is high the aerobic system breaks down glucose into CO2 and water, producing 38 molecules of ATP
Altitude training
Usually done at 2500m+ above sea level where the partial pressure of oxygen is lower
Anaerobic glycolytic system
An energy system used to produce high powered energy for high intensity effort in events such as 400m
ATP
The only useable form of energy in the body
ATP-PC System
An energy system that hard phosphocreatine as it’s fuel to release energy for high intensity short duration exercise
Beta oxidation
Where fatty acids undergo a series of chemjd teachings and are converted into acetyl coenzyme A which is the entry molecule for the Krebs cycle
ACEFACE
A= aesthetically pleasing C= Consistent E= Efficient F= Fluent A= Accurate C= Controlled E= Economical
Bilateral transfer
Learning of a skill is passed across the body from one limb to another
Closed skill
Performed in a predictable environment
Complex skill
Required decision making and processing lots of information
Discrete skill
A skill that has a clear beginning and end
Externally paced skill
No control of the start and speed of skill
Fine skill
Uses smaller muscle groups
Gross skill
Uses large muscle groups
High organised skill
Not easily broken into parts
Low organised skill
Easily broken into parts
Negative transfer
When the learning of one skill hinders another
Open skill
Performed in an unpredictable environment
Positive transfer
When the learning of one skill helps the learning of another
Self paced skill
Performer has control over the start and pace of the skill
Serial skill
Several discrete skill to make a more integrated movement
Simple skill
Requires few decisions when being performed
Skill
Learned ability to bring about pre determined results
Transfer
Effect of learning/performance of one skill on learning and performance of another
Zero transfer
When the learning of one skill has no impact on the learning of another
Chaining
Linking subroutines together when practicing
Distributed practice
Training with rest intervals
Massed practice
Training with no rest intervals
Mental practice
Going over the skill in the mind without movement
Progressive part practice
Practicing the first part of a skill and the gradually adding the other parts of a skill
Varied practice
Changing the practice type and drills
Whole practice
Practicing the skill in its entirety
Whole part whole practice
Assessing a skill, identifying its weaknesses, practicing and putting it back together
Extrinsic feedback
Feedback from an outside source
Feedback
Information nation to aid error correction
Intrinsic feedback
Feedback from within
Knowledge of performance
Feedback about the technique
Knowledge of results
Feedback about the outcome
Manual guidance
Physically supporting a performer during movement
Mechanical guidance
Using artificial aids to help a performer improve performance
Negative feedback
Feedback that provides error correction
Positive feedback
Encouragement / positive talk
Verbal guidance
Using words to explain a task
Visual guidance
Guidance that can be seen, a demonstration
Feudal system
A way of structuring society around a relationship derived from the holding of land in exchange for labour
Mob football
An unruly form of football played by the lower classes
Popular recreation
The sports and pastimes of people in pre industrial Britain
Real tennis
Upper class activity of the time with strict rules and moral code
Amateur
A person who plays sport for the love of it with no financial gain
Athleticism
Physical endeavour with moral integrity
Codification
The gradual organisation and defining of the rules
Dr William Penny Brookes
The founder of the Wenlock Olympian games in 1850
Industrial patronage
Factory teams were set up by factory owners as a way of decreasing absenteeism and encouraging loyalty in the workforce
Industrial revolution
Marked a change in Britain from a feudal, rural society into an industrialised, machine based, capitalised society, controlled by a powerful urban middle class
Philanthropists
Kind, generous, middle class individuals who had a social conscience and were keen to try to provide a better life among the working class
Professional
Someone who plays sport for financial gain
Public provision
Local council provision of facilities for the masses to participate
Rational recreation
Sports pastimes for the lower classes which were designed by the middle classes to be well ordered, organised and controlled
Social control
The in which people’s thoughts, feelings, appearances and behaviour are regulated in social systems
Urbanisation
Large numbers of people migrating from rural areas until towns and cities, seeking regular work in the factories
Commercialisation
The process of attempting to gain money from an activity
Globalisation
The process whereby nations are increasingly being linked together and people are becoming more interdependent via improvements in communication and travel
The golden triangle
The golden triangle refers to the relationship between sport, business and media
Lawn tennis
Originally called ‘Sphairistrike’ and played on an hourglass shaped court before its name and court shape were quickly replaced
Media
An organised means of communication by which large numbers of different people can be reached quickly
Merchandising
The practice in which the brand or image from one product is used to sell another
Open era
When professional tennis players were allowed to compete alongside amateurs and earn money
Social media
Online apps and websites which allow users to interact by sharing content and taking part in social networking
Sponsorship
When a company pays for their products to be socially displayed or advertised, usually as an attempt to increase the sales of their goods
Channeling
Minorities being pushed away from certain sports due to stereotypical assumptions
County sport partnership
Network of local agencies working to increase participation
Discrimination
Unfair treatment of a person, acting upon prejudice
Equal opportunities
Right to access regardless of age gender race etc
Ethnic groups
People with religious, racial or linguistic traits in common
Gender
The biological aspect of a person either being male or female
Gender socialisation
Learning to conform to culturally defined gender roles through socialisation
Inequality
The unfair treatment or uneven distribution of resources or opportunities
Institution
Established organisations founded for religious, educational or social purposes
Integration
Able-bodied and disabled people taking part in the same activity at the same time
Internalisation
The learning of values and attitudes that are incorporated within yourself
Prejudice
An unfavourable opinion of an individual based on inadequate facts
Primary socialisation
Socialisation during early childhood through immediate family
Race
The physical characteristics of an individual
Racism
Belief that races have distinct hereditary characteristics that give some superiority
Rooney rule
To interview minority confidence head coaching jobs
Secondary socialisation
Socialisation in teenage years though the influence of peer groups, friends and school
Segregation
People with disabilities taking part separately
Sexism
The belief that one sex is superior to the other
Social action theory
A way of viewing socialisation, emphasising social action
Social change
An altercation in the social order of society
Social class
Groups dependant on income and power within society
Social issues
Problems that affect many people within a society
Social stratification
Where society is divided into levels based on social characteristics
Socialisation
A lifelong process where members of society learn norms, values, ideas and roles
Society
An organised group of people with a shared common interest
Stacking
Disproportionate concentration of ethnic minorities in certain positions / teams
Stereotyping
Standardised image, making generalised opinions about a group
Whole sport plans
Documents submitted to sport England outlining each NGB’s strategy over 4 years
Amino acids
Used in all body cells to build proteins
Balanced diet
A diet consisting o a variety of food with an adequate intake of all nutrients
Buffering
The ability of the blood to compensate for the build up of lactic acid or hydrogen ions to maintain the ph level
Caffeine
Naturally occurring stimulant that increases mental alertness
Cholesterol
A type of fat found in the blood
Complex carbohydrates
These are found in nearly all plant based foods and usually take longer for the body to digest. Most commonly found in bread, pasta, rice and vegetables
Creatine
A compound in the body that is made naturally which supplies energy for muscular contractions and to increase athletic performance
Diuretic
Increases production of urine
Electrolytes
Salts and minerals found in the blood that can conduct electrical impulses in the body
Fats
A naturally oily substance occurring in animal bodies, especially when deposited as a layer under the skin or around certain organs
Fibre
An important component which causes bio in the small intestine, helping to prevent constipation and aid digestion
Glucose
Simple sugar, major source of energy for the body cells
Glycaemic index
Ranks carbohydrates according to their affects on our blood glucose levels
Glycogen
The stored form of glucose found in the muscles and the liver
Glycogen loading
Dietary manipulation to increase glycogen stores beyond normal
HDL
Transports excess cholesterol to the live where it is broken down
Minerals
Minerals assist bodily functions. Tend to be dissolved by the boy as ions and are called electrolytes
Proteins
Made from amino acids and aid muscle growth and repair
Simple carbohydrates
Found in fruits and are easily digested by the body. They are also often found in processed foods and products with refined sugar
Sodium bicarbonate
White soluble compound used as an antacid I increase the buffering capacity of the blood to lactic acid
Vitamins
Essential nutrients that the body needs in small amounts to work properly
1 rep max
Maximum amount of weight a performer can lift in one repetition
Active stretching
Involves the performer stretching one joint personally
Ballistic stretching
Balancing movements to stretch the body further
Circuit training
A series of stations organised to work on different body areas / skills for a set time / repetitions
Competition period
Where skills and techniques are refined
Continuous training
Low intensity exercise for long periods of time without rest
Double periodisation
Planning a periodisation program to peak twice during the year
Fartlek training
Pace and terrain of the run is varied to stress the aerobic and anaerobic systems
Frequency
The numbers of times you train per week
Intensity
How hard you train
Interval training
Intervals of high intensity work followed by periods of rest / recovery
Macrocycle
Period of training involving a long term performance goal
Microcycle
A week or a few days of training sessions
Mesocycle
Usually a 4-12 week period of training with a specific focus eg. Power
Objective
Involves facts
Passive stretching
Involves an external force helping a performer to stretch
Peaking
Planning training to have a performer reach peak performance levels for a competition
Perceived rate of exertion
Giving an opinion on how hard you feel you are working
Periodisation
Dividing the training year into specific sections for a specific purpose
PNF stretching
Advanced flexibility method - a passive stretch where the stretch position is held by something other than the agonist muscle
Preparation period
Pre season training where fitness is developed
Progressive overload
Gradually increasing the intensity of training to increase adaptions
Qualitative data
Descriptive day at that looks at the way people think or feel
Quantitative data
Can be written down or measured with numbers
Recovery
Rest days to allow the body to recover
Reliability
Means the rest can be repeated accurately
Reps
The number of times you repeat a movement / exercise
Reversibility
If training stops then adaptions built will be lost
Sets
The number of cycles of repititions
Specificity
Making training relevant to the required body parts, energy systems and fiver types
Subjective
Involves opinions
Tapering
Reducing the volume and intensity of training prior to competition
Time
How long you train for
Transition period
End of season training, rest and recovery take place
Type
What method of training you use
Validity
When the test actually measures what it sets out to do
Weight training
A series of resistance exercises using weights as resistance
Area of base support
The larger the base, the greater the support
Centre of mass
The point of balance
Distance
The length of the path a body follows moving from point A to B
Ground reaction force
Equal / opposite force deterred when a force is applied to the ground
Inertia
Resistance object has to change in its stage of motion
Line of gravity
This is the line extending vertically downwards from the centre of mass
Linear motion
Straight / curved motion, moving same speed/distance/direction
Newton’s first law
Force is required to change the state of motion
Newton’s second law
Magnitude of force determines the size / direction of acceleration
Newton’s third law
For every action / force there is an equal and opposite action / force
Scalar quantity
Measurements described in terms of size and magnitude only
Speed
The rate of change of position
Time
The Tim taken to complete an action or travel a set distance
Effort
The force applied by the user of the lever system
First class lever
Fulcrum is between the effort and load (resistance)
Force arm
The length of the line between the fulcrum and effort
Fulcrum
The point about which a lever rotates
Mechanical advantage
The force arm is long we than the effort arm
Mechanical disadvantage
Resistance arm is longer than force arm
Resistance
The weight to be moved by the lever system
Resistance arm
Length of line between fulcrum and resistance
Second class lever
Load (Resistance) is between the fulcrum and effort
Third class lever
Effort is between the fulcrum and the load (resistance)
Coupled reaction
When energy required by one process is provided by another process
Cycle ergometer
A stationary bike that measures how much work is being performed
