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P.E. > Key Words > Flashcards

Key Words Flashcards

1
Q

Adrenaline

A

Stress hormone that is released by the sympathetic nerves and cardiac nerve
during exercise. It stimulates the SAN (pacemaker) which results in an increase in HR.

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2
Q

Angina

A

Chest pain that occurs when the blood supply through the coronary arteries to the muscles of the heart is restricted

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3
Q

Arterio venous difference

A

The difference between the oxygen content of the arteriole blood arriving at the muscles and the venous blood leaving the muscles

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4
Q

Atheroma

A

A fatty deposit found in the inner lining of an artery

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5
Q

Atherosclerosis

A

Occurs when arteries harden or narrow due to the build up of fatty deposits

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6
Q

Atrioventricular node (AVN)

A

Relays impulses to the upper and lower sections of the heart

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7
Q

Baroreceptors

A

Sensors in tissues that respond to the stretching of the arterial walls caused by changes in blood pressure

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8
Q

Blood pressure

A

The force exerted against the walls of a blood vessel by the blood

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9
Q

Bohr Shift

A

When an increase in CO2 and a decrease in pH reduces the affinity for oxygen of haemoglobin

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10
Q

Bradycardia

A

A decrease in resting heart rate to below 60bpm

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11
Q

Cardiac Hypertrophy

A

The thickening of the muscular wall of the heart do that it becomes bigger and stronger

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12
Q

Cardiac output

A

The volume of blood pumped out by the heart ventricles per minute

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13
Q

Cardiovascular drift

A

A progressive decrease in stroke volume and blood pressure, together with a progressive rise in heart rate during prolonged exercise in a warm environment

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14
Q

Chemoreceptors

A

Found in the carotid arteries, sense chemical changes such as an increase in CO2 in the blood which will result in the sympathetic nervous system being stimulated

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15
Q

Diastole

A

When the heart relaxes the fill with blood

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16
Q

Diastolic pressure

A

The pressure in the arteries when the ventricles are relaxing

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17
Q

Ejection fraction

A

The percentage of blood pumped out by the left ventricle per best

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18
Q

Haemoglobin

A

Iron containing pigment found in red blood cells which combines with oxygen to form oxyhaemoglobin

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19
Q

Heart disease

A

Referee to as coronary heart disease - the leading cause of death in the world which occurs when the coronary arteries become blocked/narrowed bay a collection of fatty deposits

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20
Q

Heart rate

A

The number of times the heart contracts per minute

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21
Q

High blood pressure

A

Caused by extra force exerted against the blood vessel walls. If untreated can lead to heart attacks, heart failure, kidney disease, stroke or dementia

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22
Q

Medulla oblingata

A

Part of the brain that regulates HR and breathing

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23
Q

Mitochondria

A

Location of where aerobic respiration takes place in the muscles

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24
Q

Myogenic

A

The capacity of the heart to generate its own impulses

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25
Q

Myoglobin

A

Iron containing pigment in slow-twitch muscle fibres which has a slightly higher affinity for oxygen than haemoglobin. It stored oxygen in muscle fibres so it can be used quickly during exercise

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26
Q

Parasympathetic nervous system

A

Nervous system that makes the heart beat slower

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27
Q

PH

A

a measure of acidity

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28
Q

Plasma

A

The fluid part of the blood that surrounds blood cells, transporting them

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29
Q

Proprioceptors

A

Sensory nerve endings in the muscles, tendons and joints that detect muscle movement, increase in movement caused and increase in HR

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30
Q

Pulmonary system

A

The system in which deoxygenated blood from the heart travels to the lungs and oxygenated blood travels back to the heart

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31
Q

Purkinje fibres

A

Muscle fibres that conduct impulses in the walls of the ventricles

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32
Q

Sino-atrial node (SAN)

A

A small mass of cardiac muscle found in the wall of the right atrium that generates the heartbeat

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33
Q

Starling’s law

A

Increased venous return causes greater diastolic filling which causes the heart muscle to stretch further leading to a more forceful contraction and increased ejection fraction

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34
Q

Steady state

A

Where the athlete is able to meet the demands with the oxygen supply

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35
Q

Stroke

A

Occurs when the blood supply to the brain is cut off

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36
Q

Stroke volume

A

The volume of blood pumped out by the heart by the ventricles in each contraction

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37
Q

Sympathetic nervous system

A

Nervous system that makes the heart beat faster

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38
Q

Systemic system

A

Oxygenated blood from the heart to the body and deoxygenated blood back from the body to the heart

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39
Q

Systole

A

When the heart contracts

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40
Q

Systolic pressure

A

The pressure in the arteries when the ventricles are contracting

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41
Q

Vascular shunt

A

Redistribution of cardiac output

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42
Q

Vasoconstriction

A

When blood vessels narrow to decrease blood flow towards the outside of the body

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43
Q

Vasodilation

A

When blood vessels widen to increase blood flow to the outside of the body

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44
Q

Venous return

A

The return of blood to the right side of the heart via the vena cava

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45
Q

Cilia

A

Microscopic hair like projections that help sweep away fluids and particles

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46
Q

Concentration gradient

A

Explains how diffusion occurs from an area of high to low concentration. The steeper the gradient the faster diffusion occurs

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47
Q

COPD

A

Chronic and debilitating disease and is the name for a collection of diseases such as emphysema

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48
Q

Diffusion

A

The movement of gas molecules from and area of high concentration to low concentration

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49
Q

Expiration

A

Breathing out

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50
Q

Exploratory reserve volume

A

The volume of air that can be forcibly expired after a normal breath. Slight decrease during exercise

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51
Q

External respiration

A

Gaseous exchange between the lungs and blood

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52
Q

Gaseous exchange

A

The movement of oxygen from the air into the blood, and carbon dioxide from the blood to the air

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53
Q

Inspiration

A

Breathing in

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54
Q

Inspiratory reserve volume

A

Volume of air that can be forcibly inspired after a normal breath. Decreases during exercise

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55
Q

Internal respiration

A

Gaseous exchange between the blood in the capillaries and the body cells

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56
Q

Minute ventilation

A

Volume of aim breathed in or out per minute, big increase during exercise

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57
Q

Partial pressure

A

The pressure exerted by an individual dad when it exists within a mixture of gases

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58
Q

Residual volume

A

Volume of air that remains in the lungs after maximum expiration. The same during exercise

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59
Q

Spirometer

A

Device used to measure volume of air inspired or expired by the lungs

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60
Q

Tidal volume

A

Volume of air breathed in our out per normal breath. Increased during exercise

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61
Q

Aerobic

A

Exercise that is low to medium intensity and oxygen demand if the muscles is met

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62
Q

All or none law

A

Sequence of impulses has to be if sufficient intensity to stimulate all of the muscle fibres in a motor unit in order for them to contract. If it is not then none will contract

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63
Q

Anaerobic

A

Exercise at a high intensity where the demand for oxygen of the muscles is so high it cannot be met

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64
Q

Autogenic inhibition

A

Where there is a sudden relaxation of the muscle in response to high tension. Golgi tendons are the receptors involved

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65
Q

Golgi tendon organs

A

Activated when there is tension in a muscle

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66
Q

Hypertrophy

A

Where the muscles become bigger and stronger

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67
Q

Isometric contraction

A

Where there is tension in a muscle but it doesn’t change length/no visible movement

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68
Q

Motor neurones

A

Transmits the brains instructions as electrical impulses to the muscles

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69
Q

Motor unit

A

A motor unit and it’s muscle fibres

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70
Q

Muscle spindles

A

Detects how far and how fast a muscle is being stretched and produces the stretch reflex

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71
Q

Neuromuscular junction

A

Where the motor neurone and the muscle fibre meet

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72
Q

Spatial summation

A

When the strength of a contraction changed by altering the number and size of the muscles motor units

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73
Q

Tetanic summation

A

A sustained muscle contraction caused by a series of fast repeating stimuli

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74
Q

Type 1 muscles fibres

A

Slow contraction speeds, adapted to low intensity exercise

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75
Q

Type 2a muscle fibres

A

Fast oxidative glycolytic - more resistant to fatigue than type one fibres, suited to longer high intensity exercise

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76
Q

Type 2x muscle fibres

A

Fast glycolytic - these fibres fatigue much faster than type 2a and are used for highly explosive events where a quick, short burst of energy is needed

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77
Q

Wave summation

A

Where there is a repeated nerve impulse with no time to relax so a smooth, sustained contraction occurs rather than twitches

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78
Q

Bundle of his

A

A collection of heart muscle cells that transmit electrical impulses from the AVN via bundle branches to the ventricles

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79
Q

Agonist

A

The muscle that is contracting, responsible for the movement that is occurring

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80
Q

Antagonist

A

The muscle that is relaxing, works in opposition to the agonist

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81
Q

Articulating bones

A

Refers to the bones that meet and move at a joint

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82
Q

Concentric contraction

A

When a muscle shortens under tension

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83
Q

Dorsi flexion

A

Pointing toes upwards

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84
Q

Eccentric contraction

A

When the muscle lengthens under tension

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85
Q

Extension

A

Increasing the angle at a joint

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86
Q

Flexion

A

Decreasing the angle at a joint

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87
Q

Frontal plane

A

Vertical plane which divides the body into front and back halves

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88
Q

Horizontal abduction

A

Movement of a limb forwards while it us held parallel to the ground

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89
Q

Horizontal adduction

A

Movement of a limb backwards while it is held parallel to the ground

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90
Q

Hyperextension

A

Increasing the angle at a joint to over 180 degrees

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91
Q

Longitudinal axis

A

A line running from top to bottom

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92
Q

Plantar flexion

A

Pointing the toes towards the ground

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93
Q

Saggital axis

A

A line which runs from front to back

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94
Q

Saggital plane

A

Vertical plane which divides the body into right and left halves

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95
Q

Transverse plane

A

Divides the body into upper and lover halves

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96
Q

Aerobic system

A

When exercise intensity he lie and oxygen supply is high the aerobic system breaks down glucose into CO2 and water, producing 38 molecules of ATP

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97
Q

Altitude training

A

Usually done at 2500m+ above sea level where the partial pressure of oxygen is lower

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98
Q

Anaerobic glycolytic system

A

An energy system used to produce high powered energy for high intensity effort in events such as 400m

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99
Q

ATP

A

The only useable form of energy in the body

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100
Q

ATP-PC System

A

An energy system that hard phosphocreatine as it’s fuel to release energy for high intensity short duration exercise

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101
Q

Beta oxidation

A

Where fatty acids undergo a series of chemjd teachings and are converted into acetyl coenzyme A which is the entry molecule for the Krebs cycle

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102
Q

ACEFACE

A 
A= aesthetically pleasing 
C= Consistent 
E= Efficient 
F= Fluent 
A= Accurate
C= Controlled
E= Economical
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103
Q

Bilateral transfer

A

Learning of a skill is passed across the body from one limb to another

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104
Q

Closed skill

A

Performed in a predictable environment

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105
Q

Complex skill

A

Required decision making and processing lots of information

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106
Q

Discrete skill

A

A skill that has a clear beginning and end

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107
Q

Externally paced skill

A

No control of the start and speed of skill

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108
Q

Fine skill

A

Uses smaller muscle groups

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109
Q

Gross skill

A

Uses large muscle groups

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110
Q

High organised skill

A

Not easily broken into parts

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111
Q

Low organised skill

A

Easily broken into parts

112
Q

Negative transfer

A

When the learning of one skill hinders another

113
Q

Open skill

A

Performed in an unpredictable environment

114
Q

Positive transfer

A

When the learning of one skill helps the learning of another

115
Q

Self paced skill

A

Performer has control over the start and pace of the skill

116
Q

Serial skill

A

Several discrete skill to make a more integrated movement

117
Q

Simple skill

A

Requires few decisions when being performed

118
Q

Skill

A

Learned ability to bring about pre determined results

119
Q

Transfer

A

Effect of learning/performance of one skill on learning and performance of another

120
Q

Zero transfer

A

When the learning of one skill has no impact on the learning of another

121
Q

Chaining

A

Linking subroutines together when practicing

122
Q

Distributed practice

A

Training with rest intervals

123
Q

Massed practice

A

Training with no rest intervals

124
Q

Mental practice

A

Going over the skill in the mind without movement

125
Q

Progressive part practice

A

Practicing the first part of a skill and the gradually adding the other parts of a skill

126
Q

Varied practice

A

Changing the practice type and drills

127
Q

Whole practice

A

Practicing the skill in its entirety

128
Q

Whole part whole practice

A

Assessing a skill, identifying its weaknesses, practicing and putting it back together

129
Q

Extrinsic feedback

A

Feedback from an outside source

130
Q

Feedback

A

Information nation to aid error correction

131
Q

Intrinsic feedback

A

Feedback from within

132
Q

Knowledge of performance

A

Feedback about the technique

133
Q

Knowledge of results

A

Feedback about the outcome

134
Q

Manual guidance

A

Physically supporting a performer during movement

135
Q

Mechanical guidance

A

Using artificial aids to help a performer improve performance

136
Q

Negative feedback

A

Feedback that provides error correction

137
Q

Positive feedback

A

Encouragement / positive talk

138
Q

Verbal guidance

A

Using words to explain a task

139
Q

Visual guidance

A

Guidance that can be seen, a demonstration

140
Q

Feudal system

A

A way of structuring society around a relationship derived from the holding of land in exchange for labour

141
Q

Mob football

A

An unruly form of football played by the lower classes

142
Q

Popular recreation

A

The sports and pastimes of people in pre industrial Britain

143
Q

Real tennis

A

Upper class activity of the time with strict rules and moral code

144
Q

Amateur

A

A person who plays sport for the love of it with no financial gain

145
Q

Athleticism

A

Physical endeavour with moral integrity

146
Q

Codification

A

The gradual organisation and defining of the rules

147
Q

Dr William Penny Brookes

A

The founder of the Wenlock Olympian games in 1850

148
Q

Industrial patronage

A

Factory teams were set up by factory owners as a way of decreasing absenteeism and encouraging loyalty in the workforce

149
Q

Industrial revolution

A

Marked a change in Britain from a feudal, rural society into an industrialised, machine based, capitalised society, controlled by a powerful urban middle class

150
Q

Philanthropists

A

Kind, generous, middle class individuals who had a social conscience and were keen to try to provide a better life among the working class

151
Q

Professional

A

Someone who plays sport for financial gain

152
Q

Public provision

A

Local council provision of facilities for the masses to participate

153
Q

Rational recreation

A

Sports pastimes for the lower classes which were designed by the middle classes to be well ordered, organised and controlled

154
Q

Social control

A

The in which people’s thoughts, feelings, appearances and behaviour are regulated in social systems

155
Q

Urbanisation

A

Large numbers of people migrating from rural areas until towns and cities, seeking regular work in the factories

156
Q

Commercialisation

A

The process of attempting to gain money from an activity

157
Q

Globalisation

A

The process whereby nations are increasingly being linked together and people are becoming more interdependent via improvements in communication and travel

158
Q

The golden triangle

A

The golden triangle refers to the relationship between sport, business and media

159
Q

Lawn tennis

A

Originally called ‘Sphairistrike’ and played on an hourglass shaped court before its name and court shape were quickly replaced

160
Q

Media

A

An organised means of communication by which large numbers of different people can be reached quickly

161
Q

Merchandising

A

The practice in which the brand or image from one product is used to sell another

162
Q

Open era

A

When professional tennis players were allowed to compete alongside amateurs and earn money

163
Q

Social media

A

Online apps and websites which allow users to interact by sharing content and taking part in social networking

164
Q

Sponsorship

A

When a company pays for their products to be socially displayed or advertised, usually as an attempt to increase the sales of their goods

165
Q

Channeling

A

Minorities being pushed away from certain sports due to stereotypical assumptions

166
Q

County sport partnership

A

Network of local agencies working to increase participation

167
Q

Discrimination

A

Unfair treatment of a person, acting upon prejudice

168
Q

Equal opportunities

A

Right to access regardless of age gender race etc

169
Q

Ethnic groups

A

People with religious, racial or linguistic traits in common

170
Q

Gender

A

The biological aspect of a person either being male or female

171
Q

Gender socialisation

A

Learning to conform to culturally defined gender roles through socialisation

172
Q

Inequality

A

The unfair treatment or uneven distribution of resources or opportunities

173
Q

Institution

A

Established organisations founded for religious, educational or social purposes

174
Q

Integration

A

Able-bodied and disabled people taking part in the same activity at the same time

175
Q

Internalisation

A

The learning of values and attitudes that are incorporated within yourself

176
Q

Prejudice

A

An unfavourable opinion of an individual based on inadequate facts

177
Q

Primary socialisation

A

Socialisation during early childhood through immediate family

178
Q

Race

A

The physical characteristics of an individual

179
Q

Racism

A

Belief that races have distinct hereditary characteristics that give some superiority

180
Q

Rooney rule

A

To interview minority confidence head coaching jobs

181
Q

Secondary socialisation

A

Socialisation in teenage years though the influence of peer groups, friends and school

182
Q

Segregation

A

People with disabilities taking part separately

183
Q

Sexism

A

The belief that one sex is superior to the other

184
Q

Social action theory

A

A way of viewing socialisation, emphasising social action

185
Q

Social change

A

An altercation in the social order of society

186
Q

Social class

A

Groups dependant on income and power within society

187
Q

Social issues

A

Problems that affect many people within a society

188
Q

Social stratification

A

Where society is divided into levels based on social characteristics

189
Q

Socialisation

A

A lifelong process where members of society learn norms, values, ideas and roles

190
Q

Society

A

An organised group of people with a shared common interest

191
Q

Stacking

A

Disproportionate concentration of ethnic minorities in certain positions / teams

192
Q

Stereotyping

A

Standardised image, making generalised opinions about a group

193
Q

Whole sport plans

A

Documents submitted to sport England outlining each NGB’s strategy over 4 years

194
Q

Amino acids

A

Used in all body cells to build proteins

195
Q

Balanced diet

A

A diet consisting o a variety of food with an adequate intake of all nutrients

196
Q

Buffering

A

The ability of the blood to compensate for the build up of lactic acid or hydrogen ions to maintain the ph level

197
Q

Caffeine

A

Naturally occurring stimulant that increases mental alertness

198
Q

Cholesterol

A

A type of fat found in the blood

199
Q

Complex carbohydrates

A

These are found in nearly all plant based foods and usually take longer for the body to digest. Most commonly found in bread, pasta, rice and vegetables

200
Q

Creatine

A

A compound in the body that is made naturally which supplies energy for muscular contractions and to increase athletic performance

201
Q

Diuretic

A

Increases production of urine

202
Q

Electrolytes

A

Salts and minerals found in the blood that can conduct electrical impulses in the body

203
Q

Fats

A

A naturally oily substance occurring in animal bodies, especially when deposited as a layer under the skin or around certain organs

204
Q

Fibre

A

An important component which causes bio in the small intestine, helping to prevent constipation and aid digestion

205
Q

Glucose

A

Simple sugar, major source of energy for the body cells

206
Q

Glycaemic index

A

Ranks carbohydrates according to their affects on our blood glucose levels

207
Q

Glycogen

A

The stored form of glucose found in the muscles and the liver

208
Q

Glycogen loading

A

Dietary manipulation to increase glycogen stores beyond normal

209
Q

HDL

A

Transports excess cholesterol to the live where it is broken down

210
Q

Minerals

A

Minerals assist bodily functions. Tend to be dissolved by the boy as ions and are called electrolytes

211
Q

Proteins

A

Made from amino acids and aid muscle growth and repair

212
Q

Simple carbohydrates

A

Found in fruits and are easily digested by the body. They are also often found in processed foods and products with refined sugar

213
Q

Sodium bicarbonate

A

White soluble compound used as an antacid I increase the buffering capacity of the blood to lactic acid

214
Q

Vitamins

A

Essential nutrients that the body needs in small amounts to work properly

215
Q

1 rep max

A

Maximum amount of weight a performer can lift in one repetition

216
Q

Active stretching

A

Involves the performer stretching one joint personally

217
Q

Ballistic stretching

A

Balancing movements to stretch the body further

218
Q

Circuit training

A

A series of stations organised to work on different body areas / skills for a set time / repetitions

219
Q

Competition period

A

Where skills and techniques are refined

220
Q

Continuous training

A

Low intensity exercise for long periods of time without rest

221
Q

Double periodisation

A

Planning a periodisation program to peak twice during the year

222
Q

Fartlek training

A

Pace and terrain of the run is varied to stress the aerobic and anaerobic systems

223
Q

Frequency

A

The numbers of times you train per week

224
Q

Intensity

A

How hard you train

225
Q

Interval training

A

Intervals of high intensity work followed by periods of rest / recovery

226
Q

Macrocycle

A

Period of training involving a long term performance goal

227
Q

Microcycle

A

A week or a few days of training sessions

228
Q

Mesocycle

A

Usually a 4-12 week period of training with a specific focus eg. Power

229
Q

Objective

A

Involves facts

230
Q

Passive stretching

A

Involves an external force helping a performer to stretch

231
Q

Peaking

A

Planning training to have a performer reach peak performance levels for a competition

232
Q

Perceived rate of exertion

A

Giving an opinion on how hard you feel you are working

233
Q

Periodisation

A

Dividing the training year into specific sections for a specific purpose

234
Q

PNF stretching

A

Advanced flexibility method - a passive stretch where the stretch position is held by something other than the agonist muscle

235
Q

Preparation period

A

Pre season training where fitness is developed

236
Q

Progressive overload

A

Gradually increasing the intensity of training to increase adaptions

237
Q

Qualitative data

A

Descriptive day at that looks at the way people think or feel

238
Q

Quantitative data

A

Can be written down or measured with numbers

239
Q

Recovery

A

Rest days to allow the body to recover

240
Q

Reliability

A

Means the rest can be repeated accurately

241
Q

Reps

A

The number of times you repeat a movement / exercise

242
Q

Reversibility

A

If training stops then adaptions built will be lost

243
Q

Sets

A

The number of cycles of repititions

244
Q

Specificity

A

Making training relevant to the required body parts, energy systems and fiver types

245
Q

Subjective

A

Involves opinions

246
Q

Tapering

A

Reducing the volume and intensity of training prior to competition

247
Q

Time

A

How long you train for

248
Q

Transition period

A

End of season training, rest and recovery take place

249
Q

Type

A

What method of training you use

250
Q

Validity

A

When the test actually measures what it sets out to do

251
Q

Weight training

A

A series of resistance exercises using weights as resistance

252
Q

Area of base support

A

The larger the base, the greater the support

253
Q

Centre of mass

A

The point of balance

254
Q

Distance

A

The length of the path a body follows moving from point A to B

255
Q

Ground reaction force

A

Equal / opposite force deterred when a force is applied to the ground

256
Q

Inertia

A

Resistance object has to change in its stage of motion

257
Q

Line of gravity

A

This is the line extending vertically downwards from the centre of mass

258
Q

Linear motion

A

Straight / curved motion, moving same speed/distance/direction

259
Q

Newton’s first law

A

Force is required to change the state of motion

260
Q

Newton’s second law

A

Magnitude of force determines the size / direction of acceleration

261
Q

Newton’s third law

A

For every action / force there is an equal and opposite action / force

262
Q

Scalar quantity

A

Measurements described in terms of size and magnitude only

263
Q

Speed

A

The rate of change of position

264
Q

Time

A

The Tim taken to complete an action or travel a set distance

265
Q

Effort

A

The force applied by the user of the lever system

266
Q

First class lever

A

Fulcrum is between the effort and load (resistance)

267
Q

Force arm

A

The length of the line between the fulcrum and effort

268
Q

Fulcrum

A

The point about which a lever rotates

269
Q

Mechanical advantage

A

The force arm is long we than the effort arm

270
Q

Mechanical disadvantage

A

Resistance arm is longer than force arm

271
Q

Resistance

A

The weight to be moved by the lever system

272
Q

Resistance arm

A

Length of line between fulcrum and resistance

273
Q

Second class lever

A

Load (Resistance) is between the fulcrum and effort

274
Q

Third class lever

A

Effort is between the fulcrum and the load (resistance)

275
Q

Coupled reaction

A

When energy required by one process is provided by another process

276
Q

Cycle ergometer

A

A stationary bike that measures how much work is being performed

P.E. (18 decks)

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