2.2 Principles and theories of learning and performance Flashcards
What is the cognitive stage of learning
The first stage of learning used by a novice. Understanding and sub routines are explored by trial and error
What is the associative stage of learning
The second stage of learning where motor programmes are developed and performance is smoother
What is the autonomous stage of learning
The final stage of learning used by an expert when the movement is detailed and specific
What are the 3 stages of learning
Cognitive, associative and autonomous
What is feedback
Information to aid error correction
What is positive feedback
Encouragement
What is negative feedback
Error correction
What is extrinsic feedback
Feedback from on outside source
What is intrinsic feedback
Feedback from within
What is knowledge of results
Concerns the outcome eg. whether a shot went in or not
What is knowledge of performance
Concerns technique eg. why a shot went in or not
What is a learning plateau
A period of no improvement in performance
What does learning plateau look like on a graph
Stage 1 - Where the rate of learning is slow and performance level is poor because the performer is in the cognitive stage of learning
Stage 2- There is a rapid acceleration in the rate of learning because the performer has begun to master the task
stage 3- There is no improvement in the rate of learning and the performance has reached a plateau where the graph flattens
What is drive reduction
An end-of-task period when performance may get worse
What are the 6 causes of plateau
- Lack of motivation
- Boredom
- Coaching
- Limit of ability
- Targets set too low
- Fatigue
How can a lack of motivation be overcome (plateau)
The coach could offer more praise and positive reinforcement and receives feedback to improve performance and motivation
How can boredom be overcome (plateau)
Add more variety to the task
How an the issue of coaching be overcome (plateau)
The player could find a new coach
How can the limit of ability be overcome (plateau)
Explain what plateau is
How can targets being set too low be overcome (plateau)
Extend the task and/or set a new task or goals
How can fatigue be overcome (plateau)
The performer could take a rest
What are the 4 methods of guidance
- Visual
- Verbal
- Manual
- Mechanical
What is visual guidance
Guidance that can be seen, a demonstration
What is verbal guidance
Using words to explain a task
What is manual guidance
Physically supporting a performer during a movement
What is mechanical guidance
Using artificial aids to help performance
What are the advantages of visual guidance
- Can be used to highlight specific weaknesses
- Shows what the skill should look like so performers can create a mental image
What are the disadvantages of using visual guidance
- Demonstration must be completely accurate otherwise the performers will adopt the incorrect technique
- If too much information is given then performers may become confused
What are the advantages of verbal guidance
- effective when in a big group
- good for elite performers when it is difficult to imitate the skill to the highest level
What are the disadvantages of visual guidance
- If too much information is given to the performer it may cause confusion and place too much demand on the memory system
- The performer may lose concentration unless the information is brief
- The language used by the coach should be understandable otherwise beginners may not understand
- Verbal guidance is a method of giving feedback so correct type of feedback must be used
