2.2 Principles and theories of learning and performance

Question 1

What is the cognitive stage of learning

Answer 1

The first stage of learning used by a novice. Understanding and sub routines are explored by trial and error

Question 2

What is the associative stage of learning

Answer 2

The second stage of learning where motor programmes are developed and performance is smoother

Question 3

What is the autonomous stage of learning

Answer 3

The final stage of learning used by an expert when the movement is detailed and specific

Question 4

What are the 3 stages of learning

Answer 4

Cognitive, associative and autonomous

Question 5

What is feedback

Answer 5

Information to aid error correction

Question 6

What is positive feedback

Answer 6

Encouragement

Question 7

What is negative feedback

Answer 7

Error correction

Question 8

What is extrinsic feedback

Answer 8

Feedback from on outside source

Question 9

What is intrinsic feedback

Answer 9

Feedback from within

Question 10

What is knowledge of results

Answer 10

Concerns the outcome eg. whether a shot went in or not

Question 11

What is knowledge of performance

Answer 11

Concerns technique eg. why a shot went in or not

Question 12

What is a learning plateau

Answer 12

A period of no improvement in performance

Question 13

What does learning plateau look like on a graph

Answer 13

Stage 1 - Where the rate of learning is slow and performance level is poor because the performer is in the cognitive stage of learning
Stage 2- There is a rapid acceleration in the rate of learning because the performer has begun to master the task
stage 3- There is no improvement in the rate of learning and the performance has reached a plateau where the graph flattens

Question 14

What is drive reduction

Answer 14

An end-of-task period when performance may get worse

Question 15

What are the 6 causes of plateau

Answer 15

• Lack of motivation
• Boredom
• Coaching
• Limit of ability
• Targets set too low
• Fatigue

Question 16

How can a lack of motivation be overcome (plateau)

Answer 16

The coach could offer more praise and positive reinforcement and receives feedback to improve performance and motivation

Question 17

How can boredom be overcome (plateau)

Answer 17

Add more variety to the task

Question 18

How an the issue of coaching be overcome (plateau)

Answer 18

The player could find a new coach

Question 19

How can the limit of ability be overcome (plateau)

Answer 19

Explain what plateau is

Question 20

How can targets being set too low be overcome (plateau)

Answer 20

Extend the task and/or set a new task or goals

Question 21

How can fatigue be overcome (plateau)

Answer 21

The performer could take a rest

Question 22

What are the 4 methods of guidance

Answer 22

• Visual
• Verbal
• Manual
• Mechanical

Question 23

What is visual guidance

Answer 23

Guidance that can be seen, a demonstration

Question 24

What is verbal guidance

Answer 24

Using words to explain a task

Question 25

What is manual guidance

Answer 25

Physically supporting a performer during a movement

Question 26

What is mechanical guidance

Answer 26

Using artificial aids to help performance

Question 27

What are the advantages of visual guidance

Answer 27

• Can be used to highlight specific weaknesses

- Shows what the skill should look like so performers can create a mental image

Question 28

What are the disadvantages of using visual guidance

Answer 28

• Demonstration must be completely accurate otherwise the performers will adopt the incorrect technique
• If too much information is given then performers may become confused

Question 29

What are the advantages of verbal guidance

Answer 29

• effective when in a big group

- good for elite performers when it is difficult to imitate the skill to the highest level

Question 30

What are the disadvantages of visual guidance

Answer 30

• If too much information is given to the performer it may cause confusion and place too much demand on the memory system
• The performer may lose concentration unless the information is brief
• The language used by the coach should be understandable otherwise beginners may not understand
• Verbal guidance is a method of giving feedback so correct type of feedback must be used