2.1 Skill Acquisition Flashcards
What is an example of an open skill
Rugby tackle
What is an example of a closed skill
A penalty in football
What is an example of a gross skill
Rugby tackle
What is an example of a fine skill
Golf putt
What is an example of a self paced skill
Tennis serve
What is an example of an externally paced skill
Return in tennis
What is an example of a discrete skill
Tennis serve
What is an example of a continuous skill
Running
What is an example of a serial skill
Gymnastics floor routine
What is an example of a high organisation skill
Volley in football
What is an example of a low organisation skill
Throw-in in football
What is an example of a simple skill
Short Pass in football
What is an example of a complex skill
A volley in football
What is the anagram for characteristics of a skill
ACEFACE
What does ACEFACE stand for
Aesthetically pleasing, consistent, efficient, fluent, accurate, controlled, economical
Define a skill
Something that is learned
What determines whether a skill is open or closed
Environmental influence
What determines whether a skill is gross or fine
Extent of muscles used
What determines whether a skill is self paced or externally paced
Control and rate of execution
What determines whether a skill is discrete, continuous or serial
Continuity
What determines whether a skill is high or low organisation
Whether it is easily (low) or not easily broken down (high)
What determines whether a skill is simple or complex
The degree of difficulty
What is positive transfer
When one skill helps or aids the learning of another
When does positive transfer occur
When two skills have a similar shape or form
What is negative transfer
When one skill hinders the leading of another
When does negative transfer occur
It happens when there is familiarity in environment and can cause confusion
What is zero transfer
When the learning of one skill has no effect on another
What is bilateral transfer
Where transfer of skill learned on one limb is transferred across the body
What are the four stages of information processing
Input, decision making, output and feedback
What is input
Information that is received from the senses
What is decision making
Using the information provided by the input to decide the best form of output
What is output
The response performed based off of the decision made during decision making
What is feedback
Response to the output that helps determine future responses
What is whole practice
Performing the skill in its entirety
Give 3 advantages of whole practice
- helps create a specific mental image that can be recollected in the LTM
- more realistic than part practice
- helps make the skill consistent
Give 3 disadvantages of whole practice
- can place unnecessary demands on the performer if they are unable to cope with the demands of the skill
- possibility of fatigue
- too much information to process
What is whole part whole practice
The performer attempts the skill, identifies a weakness, practices this weakness and then puts the whole skill back together
Give 3 advantages of whole part whole practice
- Provides motivation when success is achieved
- Provides immediate feedback
- Corrects errors and allows it to be integrated into the whole action
- Fluency and integration of the sub routines are maintained
Give 2 disadvantages of whole part whole practice
- Can produce negative transfer effects unless coach integrates the part back into the whole
- Time consuming
What is progressive part practice
Also known as chaining, The first part of the skill is taught and then more parts are added.
Give 3 advantages of progressive part practice
- The learner is allowed to focus on one aspect of the task and can correct specific weaknesses
- The learner can rest so fatigue is reduced
- If the performer is low on motivation, each part brings success so is very motivating
- Helps to build confidence
- Good for learning long routines
Give 3 disadvantages of progressive part practice
- Time consuming
- Neglect the feeling of the whole task
- Danger of negative transfer if not put together as a whole
- Can be tiring
What is massed practice
Continuous practice, with no rest
Give 3 advantages of massed practice
- Promotes fitness
- Skill becomes almost automatic
- Can repeat skill consistently
- Motor programmes can be stored and recalled more easily
- Efficient use of p[layers and coaches time
Give 3 disadvantages of massed practice
- Can cause fatigue, especially if they lack fitness
- Danger of negative transfer
- High demands, so coach should keep the practices simple to avoid tedium
What is distributed practice
Involves rest intervals between sessions
Give 3 advantages of distributed practice
- Takes pressure of performer
- Good for beginners as allows controlled progress
- Keeps performers motivated
- Safe way to practice dangerous skills
Give 2 disadvantages of distributed practice
- Time consuming (not good for training sessions)
- Not useful for experts who wish to over learn
What is varied practice
Changing the practice type and drills
Give 2 advantages of varied practice
- Helps with motivation for continuous and externally paced skills
- Reduces tedium
Give 2 disadvantages of varied practice
- Time consuming and increased risk of negative transfer
- Danger of fatigue and information overload
What is mental practice
Going over the skill in your mind without movement
Give 3 advantages of mental practice
- Improves confidence and lowers anxiety
- Evidence suggest it stimulates muscle receptors
- Can be done when player is injured
- Develops cognitive ability
What could be a disadvantage of mental practice
- The performers wont feel kinesthetic feedback
What is an example of when whole practice would be used
A tennis serve
What is an example of when whole part whole practice would be used
A golf swing when the performer has a poor grip
What is an example of when progressive part practice should be used
A dance / gymnastics routine
What is an example of when massed practice should be used
A basketball player practicing a free throw
What is an example of when distributed practice would be used
A swimmer practicing stroke technique in training
What is an example of when varied practice would be used
Players practicing a football pass
What is an example of when mental practice would be used
A trampolinist going over their routine before a competition
