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P.E. > 1.1 The Cardiovascular system > Flashcards

1.1 The Cardiovascular system Flashcards

1
Q

Define myogenic

A

the capacity of the heart to generate its own impulses

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2
Q

What is the cardiac conduction system

A

A group of specialised cells located in the walls of the heart which send electrical impulses to the cardiac muscle causing it to contract

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3
Q

What is the order of the cardiac conduction system

A

Sinoatrial node, atrioventricular node, bundle of his, bundle branches, purkinje fibres

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4
Q

What is the function of the sinoatrial node

A

Generates the electrical signal that causes the heart to beat

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5
Q

What is the function of the atrioventricular node

A

Delays the impulse for approximately 0.1 seconds to allow for the atria to fully contract

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6
Q

What is the function of the bundle of his

A

Transmits impulses from the atrioventricular node to the ventricles via the bundle branches

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7
Q

What is the function of the purkinje fibres

A

Fibres that conduct impulses in the walls of the ventricles

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8
Q

What is diastole

A

The phase of the heartbeat where the heart relaxes and allows the atria to fill with blood

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9
Q

What is systole

A

The phase of the heartbeat where the heart contracts

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10
Q

What two parts is the neural control mechanism made up of

A

The sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems

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11
Q

Where is the cardiac control centre located

A

The medulla oblongata

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12
Q

What is the sympathetic nervous system

A

The part of the autonomic nervous system that speeds up heart rate

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13
Q

What is the parasympathetic nervous system

A

The part of the autonomic nervous system that decreases heart rate

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14
Q

What is the medulla oblongata

A

The most important part of the brain that regulates vital processes such as breathing rate and heart rate

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15
Q

What are the two parts of the nervous system

A

The central nervous system (CNS) and the peripheral nervous system

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16
Q

What does the central nervous system consist of

A

The brain and the spinal chord

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17
Q

What does the peripheral nervous system consist of

A

Nerve cells that transmit information to the CNS

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18
Q

What 3 receptors stimulate the cardiac control centre

A

Chemoreceptors, baroreceptors and proprioceptors

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19
Q

What do chemoreceptors detect

A

Chemicals changes / changes in blood acidity caused by an increase or decrease in carbon dioxide. During exercise they detect an increase in carbon dioxide

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20
Q

Where are chemoreceptors found

A

In the carotid arteries and the aortic arch

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21
Q

What does an increased concentration of carbon dioxide in the blood cause

A

It cause the sympathetic nervous system to be stimulated so the heart will beat faster

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22
Q

What does an decreased concentration of carbon dioxide in the blood cause

A

It cause the parasympathetic nervous system to be stimulated so the heart will beat slower

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23
Q

What do baroreceptors detect

A

Changes in blood pressure

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24
Q

What are baroreceptors

A

Special senors in tissues in the aortic arch, carotid sinus, heart and pulmonary vessels that respond to changes in blood pressure.

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25
Q

What does an increase in blood pressure cause to happen

A

It causes the parasympathetic nervous system to be stimulated so heart rate will decrease

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26
Q

What does a decrease in blood pressure cause to happen

A

It causes the sympathetic nervous system to be stimulated so heart rate will decrease

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27
Q

What are proprioceptors

A

Sensory nerve ending in the muscles, tendons and joints that detect muscles movement

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28
Q

What do proprioceptors detect

A

Muscle movement

29
Q

During exercise how will proprioceptors respond

A

They will detect an increase in muscles movement. These receptors then send an impulse to the medulla which then send a message to the sympathetic nervous system which causes heart rate to increase.

30
Q

What is a hormonal control mechanism

A

Hormones such as adrenaline can also affect heart rate. Adrenaline is a stress hormone and when released it stimulates the sinoatrial node which causes an increase in the speed and force of the contractions therefore increasing cardiac output

31
Q

What is the impact of physical activity on stroke volume

A

A slight increase due

32
Q

What is the impact of physical activity on heart rate

A

A large increase

33
Q

What is the impact of physical activity on cardiac output

A

A large increase

34
Q

What is stroke volume

A

The volume of blood pumped out by the heart in each contraction

35
Q

What 3 factors can alter stroke volume

A

Venous return, the elasticity of cardiac fibers and the contractility of cardiac tissue

36
Q

What is ejection fraction (%)

A

amount of blood pumped out of the ventricle / total amount of blood in the ventricle

37
Q

What is heart rate

A

the number of times the heart beats per minute

38
Q

What is cardiac output

A

The volume of blood pumped out of the heart per minute

Q = SV x HR

39
Q

What is cardiac hypertrophy

A

When the heart gains cardiac muscle and therefore becomes bigger and stronger so can pump more blood per contraction

40
Q

What is bradycardia

A

A decrease in resting heart rate to below 60 bpm

41
Q

What is anticipatory rise

A

A rise in heart rate prior to exercise caused by adrenaline stimulating the sinoatrial node

42
Q

How do you calculate maximal heart rate

A

220 - age

43
Q

What is atherosclerosis

A

When arteries harden and narrow as they become clogged by fatty deposits

44
Q

What is atheroma

A

A fatty deposit found in the inner lining of an artery

45
Q

What is angina

A

Chest pain that occurs when the blood supply through the coronary arteries to the muscles of the heart is restricted

46
Q

Define blood pressure

A

The force exerted by the blood on the wall of a blood vessel

47
Q

What can be the consequences of high blood pressure

A

Increased risk of heart attack, heart failure, kidney disease, stroke or dementia

48
Q

How can you reduce blood pressure

A

Regular aerobic exercise

49
Q

What are the two types of cholesterol

A
  • LDL (low density lipoprotiens) that transport cholesterol in the blood back to the heart. Classed as the bad cholesterol.
  • HDL (high density lipoprotiens) that transport excess cholesterol to the liver where it is broken down. Classed as the good cholesterol.
50
Q

What are the two main types of stroke

A
  • Ischaemic (occur when a blood colt stops the blood supply)

- Haemorrhagic (occur when a weakened blood vessel supplying blood to the brain bursts)

51
Q

What is cardiovascular drift

A

During steady state exercise heart rate does not remain the same but instead steadily climbs.

52
Q

Describe cardiovascular drift

A
  • CV drift is characterised by a progressive decrease in stroke volume and arterial blood pressure counteracted by a progressive rise in heart rate.
  • It occurs during prolonged exercise (more than 10 mins) in a warm environment
53
Q

Why does cardiovascular drift occur

A

When we sweat a portion of this lost fluid come from blood plasma. This decrease in plasma will reduce venous return and stroke volume. Therefore heart rate increases to compensate and to allow the performer to maintain a high cardiac output

54
Q

What is a typical reading for blood pressure

A

120 mmHg /80

55
Q

What is systolic pressure

A

The pressure in the arteries when the ventricles are contracting

56
Q

What is diastolic pressure

A

The pressure in the arteries when the ventricles are relaxing

57
Q

What is venous return

A

The return of blood to the right side of the heart via the vena cava

58
Q

How much of the blood is contained in the veins at rest (%)

A

Up to 70%

59
Q

What are the 3 venous return mechanisms

A
  • The skeletal muscle pump
  • The respiratory pump
  • Pocket valves
60
Q

Why are venous return mechanisms needed

A

The pressure in the veins is very low sue to the large lumen so it can be difficult to return blood to the heart

61
Q

How does the skeletal muscle pump work

A

When muscles contract they change shape. This causes the muscles to push down on the walls of the veins, causing a pumping effect, squeezing the blood back towards the heart.

62
Q

How does the respiratory pump work

A

When muscles contract and relax during inspiration and expiration the pressure in the thoracic and abdominal cavities changes. These changes in pressure compress the nearby veins assisting blood return to the heart.

63
Q

How do pocket valves aid venous return

A

They prevent the back flow of blood when there is the low pressure, and therefore keep blood moving in one direction, back to the heart.

64
Q

What are the 3 additional factors that aid venous return

A
  • A thin layer of smooth muscle in the walls of the veins helps to squeeze blood back to the heart
  • Gravity helps blood to return from the upper body
  • the suction pump action of the heart
65
Q

What are the impacts of blood pressure on venous return

A
  • When systolic pressure increases there is an increase in venous return
  • When diastolic pressure increases and systolic pressure decreases there is a decrease in venous return
66
Q

What is the equation for the impact of a pressure gradient between the right atrium and the vena cava

A

Venous pressure (Pv) - right atrial pressure (Pra)
_____________________________________
Venous vascular resistance (Rv)

67
Q

What is the role of haemoglobin in the transportation of oxygen

A

During exercise, when oxygen diffuses into the capillaries, supplying the skeletal muscle. 3% dissolves into plasma and 97% combines with haemoglobin to form oxyhaemoglobin. When fully saturated haemoglobin will carry 4 oxygen molecules. This occurs when the partial pressure of oxygen is high.

68
Q

What is oxyhaemoglobin dissociation

A

At the tissues oxygen is released from the oxyhaemoglobin due to the lower pressure of oxygen that exists there. This is called oxyhaemoglobin dissociation.

69
Q

What is the role of myoglobin in the transportation of oxygen

A

In the muscle oxygen is stored by myoglobin. This has a higher affinity for oxygen and will store oxygen for the mitochondria until it is used by the muscles.

P.E. (18 decks)

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