Key Topic 1 Flashcards
When was the first meeting of the INC
1885
By 1914 what was the membership of the INC
100,000
When was the AIML established
1906 in Dhaka
3,000 delegates attended
How did WW1 change perceptions for Indians
- British referred to the war as being to defend the rights of nations, stressed the importance of democracy and self-determination
- many Indians assimilated to these views and began applying to their situation at home
British control of the Raj (4)
- Viceroy
- Secretary of State for India
- Council of India (based in London)
- Indian Civil Service
How much of India were princely states
35% of the country
Why did Princely states not challenge the British
- Not directly subject to the Raj
- all had treaty arrangements with Britain which allowed autonomy
- each state under the ‘protection’ of Britain, so couldn’t instigate any action
Population in 1914
300 million- 70% Hindu
What established separate electorates
Indian Councils Act 1909
What was the outbreak of war met with
Instant declarations of loyalty from all sections of Indian society
Princely state support for WW1
- 27 of the largest princely stats put their armies at disposal
- Provisioned the Hospital ship SS Loyalty
By 1918 how many Indians enlisted in the War
over 800,000
How many Indians died in the war
Estimated 64,500
By the end of the war, how much did Indian revenues contribute to the war effort
over £146 million
How much did the price of food grain rise by during the war
93%
What industries benefitted from WW1
Cotton, iron, steel and sugar
Dividends from Cloth mills during the war
Jumped from 6% in 1914 to over 30% in 1917
What did WW1 fracture
Anglo-Indian economic interdependence- by the end of the war, India was exporting as much cotton to USA and Japan
The Montagu Declaration 1917
- implicitly committed the British government to granting some form of self-government to India
- But no timescale given
What did the Rowlatt Act 1919 include (3)
- imprisonment without trial
- trial without jury
- censorship
Evidence to show Indians being against the Rowlatt Act
All 22 Indian members of the Indian Legislative Council opposed the Act
Where was there opposition to the Rowlatt Acts
Punjab, Amritsar
- Hartals were organised, Hindu-Muslim solidarity
Who was the governor of the Punjab in 1919
Michael O’Dwyer
What was happening on the 13th april 1919
Baisakhi Day- one of the most important religious festivals in the Punjab
What were people doing in Jallianwala Bagh (2)
- Families converged, intending to say for the duration of the festival
- Arrangements were also made for a political meeting in part of the Bagh
What did Dyer do (4)
- No word of warning
- killed 379, injured 1,500
- fired 1,650 rounds of ammunition
- imposed martial law
What was the martial law that Dyer imposed (4)
- designed to humiliate the Indians living there
- any Indian who passed a European had to salaam
- Public floggings
- imposed a crawling order
What did the Hunter commission find
No evidence of a conspiracy to overthrow the Raj
What happened to Dyer and O’Dwyer
Dyer- roundly censured, forced to resign
O’Dwyer- lightly reprimanded
What was the other committee investigating Amritsar
Punjab Sub-Committee of the INC published its own inquiry
What did the Punjab Sub-committee publish
- Final report included graphic photographs, indictment of the way India was governed
- auroused deep feelings of anger and resentment from other Indians
How did Dyarchy work (2)
- Viceroy could enforce laws even if legislative council rejected them
- reserved seats for different religious groups
By 1919 how many Indians could vote
10% of the adult population was enfranchised
Reaction to 1919 GOIA (3)
- Right wing members of the HoC convinced gov was soon going to loose India
- Left wing members concerned, hadn’t gone far enough
- Indian Civil Service concerned about their authority
What was the resolution of the 1916 Lucknow Pact
- agreed that number of Muslims in the provincial legislatures should be laid down province by province
- separate electorates for all communities unless requested a joint one
What does the Lucknow Pact show
- Hindu Muslim unity
- alliance between the 2 organisations signalled to the British that Indian nationalism was gaining strength
Success of Home Rule League (2)
- Tilak’s had 32,000 members
- All India Home Rule League, started by Annie Besant was nationwide
What was Home Rule focused
- focused on domestic affairs
- did not necessarily mean separation from the Raj
- Besant and Tilak toured widely giving public lectures, used newspapers and rallies to generate support
Who joined Annie Besant’s Home rule league
Jinnah joined in 1917
What was the most important impact of the Home Rule Leagues
Spread political awareness in previously unpoliticised provinces
British response to the Home Rule Leagues
- Tilak arrested for sedition
- Besant interned in 1917
- COUNTERPRODUCTIVE, both the INC and AIML swung support for the Home Rule
Indian reaction to the 1919 GOIA
- Hindus hated the idea of ‘reserved seats’, saw it as divisive and undemocratic
- reflected on the contrast between the weeks to pass the Rowlatt Act and the years to pass the GOIA
What did the INC do in response to the Montagu declaration
Rejected the Montagu reforms
- Boycotted the first election held under 1919 Act
What did Gandhi call in response to the Rowlatt Act
Satyagraha and a series of hartals
BUT devolved into violence in the Gujarat and the Punjab
General Dyer support in Britain
‘Morning Post’ raised £26,000 for him
What was the Ghadr Movement
Growing movement of anti-British Indians (1915)
How many were arrested in the Ghadr Movement
5,000
