Jinnah and the Muslim League 1914-1930 Flashcards
What percentage of India were Muslim
20%
Where were most muslims situated
North East and North West
When was the AIML formed
1906 in Dhaka
What created separate electorates
Indian Councils Act 1909
When was the Lucknow pact
1916
What caused the AIML and Congress working together (3)
- -Annulment of the partition of Bengal
- -Declaration of War against Turkey in 1914 caused resentment
- -Jinnah tried to bring the organisations together for the aim of self-government
Why did the annulment of the partition of Bengal cause resentment
- Muslims saw this as the British implying that they were no longer sympathetic to separate electorates
- in 1913 demanded separation from the Raj
What was the resolution of the Lucknow Pact (3)
- agreed the number of muslims in the provincial legislatures
- separate electorates for all comunities unless requested a joint one
- muslims had been given assurances by Hindus
What was muslim minority concern
Wanted a guaranteed voice in any new constututional arrangement
-that would inevitably be dominated by hindu majority
When was the Khilafat movement
1919-1923
Causes to the Khilafat Movement
Muslim movement of protest against the post-war break up of the Ottoman Empire
How did Congress support the Khilifat movement
In 1920 Congress passed a resolution in support of the Khilifat
Why did Gandhi support the Khilafat movement
Gained the support of a large number of muslim spiritual and political leaders for non-violent non-cooperation
Jinnah’s attitude to Khilifat and Gandhi
-Opposed Gandhi support
-opportunistic
-forming schisms amongst muslims
When was the collapse of the Khilafat movement
1923
Reasons for Khilafat movement collapse (3)
- Turkey rejected Khilafat and became secular
- religious aspects alienated western-orientated politicians like Jinnah
- Muslims uncomfortable with Gandhi’s leadership
% of muslim delegates in Congress (2)
1921- 10.9% muslim
1923- 3.6% muslim
Muslim organisations increasing separateness (2)
Tanzeem and Tabligh movements
What was the aim of the Tanzeem and Tabligh movements
-strengthen muslim communities
-Tanzeem focused on organisation
-Tabligh focused on the promotion of Islam
What did the Tanzeem and Tabligh movements represent
Resurgence of muslim consciousness
Anti-Hindu sentiment
-grew rapidly especially in poor urban areas (blamed Hindus whereas previously blamed the Raj)
Who ensured more vigorous muslim preaching and better religious education
Anjuman Tabligh-ul-Islam
What were Anjuman’s religious focuses
Economic plight
of muslim group who were constrained by the power and influence of Hindu commercial communities
What exacerbated separateness and why
Strict position of neutrality of the Raj
-each group believed they had equal rights to carry out their own religious practices
Worship differences
*Hindus- used gongs, bells and cymbals to pray
*Muslims- prayed in silence
Festival differences
*Hindus- Holi was noisome and troublesome to Muslims
*Muslims- Bakr’id ritually slaughtered cows
Hindu Organisations increasing separateness (3)
-Arya Samj
-Cow Protection Scoiety
-Mahasabha
Actions of Arya Samj increasing separateness (3)
-openly criticised Islam
-Argued for the protection of cows
-Attempted to have Hindi replace Urdu as language of administration
How did the Raj emphasise separateness politically
Separate electorates
-ensured that the concept of separateness was further enshrined and emphasised in political solutions and institutions
Who were the 2 brothers that started the Khilifat movement
Shaukat Ali and Mohammed Ali
What do Hindus believe about God
Recognise one God Brahaman, but worship through deities that represent this God
What was the resurgence of muslim consciousness characterized by
Martial overtones and anti-Hindu sentiment
Where was there less religious friction
Princely states- princes didn’t maintain a neutral religious position
Who were major donors to Arya Samj
Hindu merchant and money-lending class on whom the lower-class muslims depended on for economic security
How else did the Raj emphasise separateness
Making provisions for separate electorates
-Montagu Declaration 1917
-Government of India Act 1919
When was there a major Hindu-Muslim riot
1923 in Nagpur
What was the RSS party
a fundamentalist hindu nationalist party
Muslim reaction to Simon Commission
-large section (Jinnah) boycott the commission
-some helped the commission, were worried about the prospect of a hindu dominated Congress
When was the Delhi Proposal
1927
What did Jinnah offer in the Delhi proposal
drop the AIML support for separate electorates
What did Jinnah want out of the Delhi proposal (3)
- creation of 2 new Muslim majority provinces (Sind and North-western Frontier)
- assurance that the number of Hindus and Muslims elected reflect the local population (Punjab and the Bengal)
- Muslim representation in central legislature is a 1/3
What did Congress do to the Delhi proposal
Rejected Jinnah’s arguments- Jinnah regarded this as a plan to exclude Muslims from the mainstream movement
What member of the Mahasabha did Jinnah clash with
Jayakar
When were Jinnah’s 14 points
1929
Who rejected Jinnah’s 14 points
Both Congress and AIML
What did Jinnah demand in RTC2
Separate electorates for their communities
How did Gandhi create separateness
Used Hinduism as a political tool
What term did Gandhi use to describe independent India
Ram Rajya- hindu term, alienated many muslims
How did muslim detractors see Gandhi
front man for Hindu-revivalism
1927 Nagpur riots stats
22 killed 100 injured
1931 Cawnpore riots stats
400 killed in 6 days
