Jinnah and the Muslim League 1914-1930 Flashcards

1
Q

What percentage of India were Muslim

A

20%

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2
Q

Where were most muslims situated

A

North East and North West

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3
Q

When was the AIML formed

A

1906 in Dhaka

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4
Q

What created separate electorates

A

Indian Councils Act 1909

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5
Q

When was the Lucknow pact

A

1916

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6
Q

What caused the AIML and Congress working together (3)

A
  • -Annulment of the partition of Bengal
  • -Declaration of War against Turkey in 1914 caused resentment
  • -Jinnah tried to bring the organisations together for the aim of self-government
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7
Q

Why did the annulment of the partition of Bengal cause resentment

A
  • Muslims saw this as the British implying that they were no longer sympathetic to separate electorates
  • in 1913 demanded separation from the Raj
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8
Q

What was the resolution of the Lucknow Pact (3)

A
  • agreed the number of muslims in the provincial legislatures
  • separate electorates for all comunities unless requested a joint one
  • muslims had been given assurances by Hindus
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9
Q

What was muslim minority concern

A

Wanted a guaranteed voice in any new constututional arrangement
-that would inevitably be dominated by hindu majority

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10
Q

When was the Khilafat movement

A

1919-1923

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11
Q

Causes to the Khilafat Movement

A

Muslim movement of protest against the post-war break up of the Ottoman Empire

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12
Q

How did Congress support the Khilifat movement

A

In 1920 Congress passed a resolution in support of the Khilifat

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13
Q

Why did Gandhi support the Khilafat movement

A

Gained the support of a large number of muslim spiritual and political leaders for non-violent non-cooperation

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14
Q

Jinnah’s attitude to Khilifat and Gandhi

A

-Opposed Gandhi support
-opportunistic
-forming schisms amongst muslims

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15
Q

When was the collapse of the Khilafat movement

A

1923

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16
Q

Reasons for Khilafat movement collapse (3)

A
  • Turkey rejected Khilafat and became secular
  • religious aspects alienated western-orientated politicians like Jinnah
  • Muslims uncomfortable with Gandhi’s leadership
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17
Q

% of muslim delegates in Congress (2)

A

1921- 10.9% muslim
1923- 3.6% muslim

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18
Q

Muslim organisations increasing separateness (2)

A

Tanzeem and Tabligh movements

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19
Q

What was the aim of the Tanzeem and Tabligh movements

A

-strengthen muslim communities
-Tanzeem focused on organisation
-Tabligh focused on the promotion of Islam

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20
Q

What did the Tanzeem and Tabligh movements represent

A

Resurgence of muslim consciousness

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21
Q

Anti-Hindu sentiment

A

-grew rapidly especially in poor urban areas (blamed Hindus whereas previously blamed the Raj)

22
Q

Who ensured more vigorous muslim preaching and better religious education

A

Anjuman Tabligh-ul-Islam

23
Q

What were Anjuman’s religious focuses

A

Economic plight
of muslim group who were constrained by the power and influence of Hindu commercial communities

24
Q

What exacerbated separateness and why

A

Strict position of neutrality of the Raj
-each group believed they had equal rights to carry out their own religious practices

25
Worship differences
*Hindus- used gongs, bells and cymbals to pray *Muslims- prayed in silence
26
Festival differences
*Hindus- Holi was noisome and troublesome to Muslims *Muslims- Bakr'id ritually slaughtered cows
27
Hindu Organisations increasing separateness (3)
-Arya Samj -Cow Protection Scoiety -Mahasabha
28
Actions of Arya Samj increasing separateness (3)
-openly criticised Islam -Argued for the protection of cows -Attempted to have Hindi replace Urdu as language of administration
29
How did the Raj emphasise separateness politically
Separate electorates -ensured that the concept of separateness was further enshrined and emphasised in political solutions and institutions
30
Who were the 2 brothers that started the Khilifat movement
Shaukat Ali and Mohammed Ali
31
What do Hindus believe about God
Recognise one God Brahaman, but worship through deities that represent this God
32
What was the resurgence of muslim consciousness characterized by
Martial overtones and anti-Hindu sentiment
33
Where was there less religious friction
Princely states- princes didn't maintain a neutral religious position
34
Who were major donors to Arya Samj
Hindu merchant and money-lending class on whom the lower-class muslims depended on for economic security
35
How else did the Raj emphasise separateness
Making provisions for separate electorates -Montagu Declaration 1917 -Government of India Act 1919
36
When was there a major Hindu-Muslim riot
1923 in Nagpur
37
What was the RSS party
a fundamentalist hindu nationalist party
38
Muslim reaction to Simon Commission
-large section (Jinnah) boycott the commission -some helped the commission, were worried about the prospect of a hindu dominated Congress
39
When was the Delhi Proposal
1927
40
What did Jinnah offer in the Delhi proposal
drop the AIML support for separate electorates
41
What did Jinnah want out of the Delhi proposal (3)
- creation of 2 new Muslim majority provinces (Sind and North-western Frontier) - assurance that the number of Hindus and Muslims elected reflect the local population (Punjab and the Bengal) - Muslim representation in central legislature is a 1/3
42
What did Congress do to the Delhi proposal
Rejected Jinnah's arguments- Jinnah regarded this as a plan to exclude Muslims from the mainstream movement
43
What member of the Mahasabha did Jinnah clash with
Jayakar
44
When were Jinnah's 14 points
1929
45
Who rejected Jinnah's 14 points
Both Congress and AIML
46
What did Jinnah demand in RTC2
Separate electorates for their communities
47
How did Gandhi create separateness
Used Hinduism as a political tool
48
What term did Gandhi use to describe independent India
Ram Rajya- hindu term, alienated many muslims
49
How did muslim detractors see Gandhi
front man for Hindu-revivalism
50
1927 Nagpur riots stats
22 killed 100 injured
51
1931 Cawnpore riots stats
400 killed in 6 days